Cited by 1,281Acute Ischemic Stroke ManagementCerebrovascular and Carotid Artery DiseasesIntracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Epidemiology of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes According to TOAST Criteria: Incidence, Recurrence, and Long-Term Survival in Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: A Population-Based Study

Kolominsky-Rabas, Peter L., Weber, Margarete, Gefeller, Olaf, Neundoerfer, Bernhard, Heuschmann, Peter U.·2001·Stroke

DOI 10.1161/hs1201.100209

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background and Purpose — The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival rates of ischemic stroke subtypes by a mechanism-based classification scheme (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, or TOAST). Methods — We identified all 583 residents of the city of Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany, with a first ischemic stroke between 1994 and 1998. Multiple overlapping sources of information were used to ensure completeness of case ascertainment. The cause of ischemic stroke was classified according to the TOAST criteria. Patients were followed up at 3 months and 1 and 2 years after stroke onset. Results — The age-standardized incidence rates for the European population (per 100 000) regarding ischemic stroke subtypes were as follows: cardioembolism, 30.2 (95% CI 25.6 to 35.7); small-artery occlusion, 25.8 (95% CI 21.5 to 30.9); and large-artery atherosclerosis, 15.3 (95% CI 12 to 19.3). When age-adjusted to the European population, the incidence rate for large-artery atherosclerosis was more than twice as high for men than for women (23.6/100 000 versus 9.2/100 000). Two years after onset, patients in the small-artery occlusion subgroup were 3 times more likely to be alive than those with cardioembolism. Ischemic stroke subtype according to the TOAST criteria was a significant predictor for long-term survival, whereas subtype was not a significant predictor of long-term recurrence up to 2 years, both before and after adjustment for age and sex. Conclusions — Epidemiological observational studies that possess wide access to appropriate diagnostic technologies and apply standardized etiologic classifications provide a much better understanding of underlying risk factors for initial stroke, recurrence, and mortality.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/hs1201.100209

Cites

28 of 28 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Adams, H. P., Bendixen, B. H., Kappelle, L. J., Biller, J., Love, B. B., Gordon, D., & Marsh, E. E. (1993) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.24.1.35 · Cited by 12,350
Epidemiology of stroke
Bonita, R. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91658-u · Cited by 993
Ischemic Stroke Subtypes
Petty, G. W., Brown, R. D., Whisnant, J. P., Sicks, J. D., O’Fallon, W. M., & Wiebers, D. O. (1999) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.30.12.2513 · Cited by 729
Ischemic Stroke Subtypes
Petty, G. W., Brown, R. D., Whisnant, J. P., Sicks, J. D., O’Fallon, W. M., & Wiebers, D. O. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.5.1062 · Cited by 712
Stroke incidence, prevalence, and survival: secular trends in Rochester, Minnesota, through 1989.
Brown, R. D., Whisnant, J. P., Sicks, J. D., O’Fallon, W. M., & Wiebers, D. O. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 639
Predictors of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community
Sacco, R. L., Shi, T., Zamanillo, M. C., & Kargman, D. E. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.4.626 · Cited by 471
A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project 1981-86. 1. Methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke.
Bamford, J., Sandercock, P. A., Dennis, M. S., Warlow, C., Jones, L., McPherson, K., Vessey, M. P., Fowler, G., Molyneux, A., & Hughes, T. (1988) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.11.1373 · Cited by 469
World Health Statistics Quarterly 1993.
(1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533484 · Cited by 468
Comparing Stroke Incidence Worldwide: What Makes Studies Comparable?
Sudlow, C. L. M., & Warlow, C. P. (1996) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.27.3.550 · Cited by 451
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Ischemic Stroke Risk
Sacco, R. L., Gan, R., Boden-Albala, B. M., Lin, I., Kargman, D. E., Hauser, W. A., Shea, S., & Paik, M. C. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.2.380 · Cited by 389

Show all 28 references

Research works printed but not linked: 14

10.1161/str.27.3.550 · DOI
10.1161/str.31.9.2074 · DOI
10.1161/str.30.2.363 · DOI
10.1161/str.29.12.2501 · DOI
10.1161/str.28.12.2500 · DOI
10.1161/str.26.6.924 · DOI
10.1161/str.25.3.8128506 · DOI
10.1161/str.25.3.8128505 · DOI
10.1161/str.23.12.1448817 · DOI
10.1161/str.30.12.2513 · DOI
10.1161/str.20.3.2922771 · DOI
10.1161/str.26.3.355 · DOI
10.1161/str.31.5.1062 · DOI
10.1161/str.29.2.380 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,000

Relationship of Periodontal Disease and Edentulism to Stroke/TIA
Elter, J. R., Offenbacher, S., Toole, J. F., & Beck, J. D. (2003) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/154405910308201212 · Cited by 143
Analysis of 16,922 Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in Japan
Kimura, K., Kazui, S., Minematsu, K., & Yamaguchi, T. (2004) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000078749 · Cited by 143
Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke
Adams, R. J., Chimowitz, M. I., Alpert, J. S., Awad, I. A., Cerqueria, M. D., Fayad, P. B., & Taubert, K. A. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000090125.28466.e2 · Cited by 142
Ten year recurrence after first ever stroke in a Japanese community: the Hisayama study
Hata, J. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.038166 · Cited by 141
Impact of urinary incontinence after stroke: Results from a prospective population‐based stroke register
Kolominsky‐Rabas, P. L., Hilz, M. J., Neundoerfer, B., & Heuschmann, P. U. (2003) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.10114 · Cited by 141
Self-citation
Functional Outcome 3 Months after Stroke Predicts Long-Term Survival
Eriksson, M., Norrving, B. G., Terént, A., & Stegmayr, B. (2008) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000121343 · Cited by 138
Stroke and Cancer- A Complicated Relationship.
Dearborn, J. L., Urrutia, V., & Zeiler, S. R. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 137
Pathophysiological Determinants of Worse Stroke Outcome in Atrial Fibrillation
Tu, H. T. H., Campbell, B. C. V., Christensen, S., Collins, M. L., Silva, D. A. D., Butcher, K., Parsons, M. W., Desmond, P. M., Barber, P. A., Levi, C. R., et al. (2010) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000316886 · Cited by 134
Inclusion of Stroke in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Instruments
Lackland, D. T., Elkind, M. S. V., D’Agostino, R. B., Dhamoon, M. S., Goff, D. C., Higashida, R. T., McClure, L. A., Mitchell, P. H., Sacco, R. L., Sila, C. A., et al. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e31825bcdac · Cited by 136
Incidence of stroke subtypes, prognosis and prevalence of risk factors in Joinville, Brazil: a 2 year community based study
Cabral, N. L., Gonçalves, A. R. R., Longo, A. L., Moro, C. H. C., Costa, G., do Amaral, C. H., Fonseca, L., & Eluf‐Neto, J. (2009) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.172098 · Cited by 130
Etiologic classification of ischemic stroke: Where do we stand?
Radu, R. A., Terecoasă, E., Bajenaru, O. A., & Tiu, C. (2017) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.05.019 · Cited by 129
Frequency and mechanisms of stroke recurrence after cryptogenic stroke
Bang, O. Y., Lee, P. H., Joo, S. Y., Lee, J. S., Joo, I. S., & Huh, K. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10644 · Cited by 128
Epidemiology of ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury
Feigin, V. L., Barker-Collo, S. L., Krishnamurthi, R., Theadom, A., & Starkey, N. J. (2010) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.006 · Cited by 135
Use of Atrial Strain to Predict Atrial Fibrillation After Cerebral Ischemia
Pathan, F. K., Sivaraj, E., Negishi, K., Rafiudeen, R., Pathan, S., D’Elia, N. W., Galligan, J., Neilson, S. J., Fonseca, R. C., & Marwick, T. H. (2017) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.07.027 · Cited by 125
Etiology, Risk Factors and Sex Differences in Ischemic Stroke in the Ludwigshafen Stroke Study, a Population-Based Stroke Registry
Palm, F., Urbanek, C., Wolf, J., Buggle, F., Kleemann, T., Hennerici, M. G., Inselmann, G., Hagar, M., Safer, A., Becher, H., et al. (2011) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000333417 · Cited by 124
Risk Factors and Treatment at Recurrent Stroke Onset: Results from the Recurrent Stroke Quality and Epidemiology (RESQUE) Study
Leoo, T., Lindgren, A. G., Petersson, J., & von Arbin, M. (2008) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000113864 · Cited by 124
Holter Monitoring and Loop Recorders: From Research to Clinical Practice
Galli, A., Ambrosini, F., & Lombardi, F. (2016) · Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review · doi:10.15420/aer.2016.17.2 · Cited by 124
The impact of stroke on the performance of grasping: Usefulness of kinetic and kinematic motion analysis
Nowak, D. A. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.021 · Cited by 124
Distribution territories and causative mechanisms of ischemic stroke
Rovira, À., Grivé, E., Rovira, À., & Álvarez‐Sabín, J. (2005) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-004-2633-5 · Cited by 122
Updated Criteria for Population-Based Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Incidence Studies for the 21st Century
Feigin, V. L., Norrving, B. G., Sudlow, C. L. M., & Sacco, R. L. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.118.022161 · Cited by 121
Prevalence of Carotid Web in Patients with Acute Intracranial Stroke Due to Intracranial Large Vessel Occlusion
Compagne, K. C. J., van Es, A. C. G. M., Berkhemer, O. A., Borst, J., Roos, Y. B. W. E. M., van Oostenbrugge, R. J., van Zwam, W. H., Majoie, C. B. L. M., Marquering, H. A., Dippel, D. W. J., et al. (2017) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2017170094 · Cited by 118
Mortality and Cause of Death after Hospital Discharge in 10,981 Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
Kimura, K., Minematsu, K., Kazui, S., & Yamaguchi, T. (2005) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000083252 · Cited by 118
Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Postural Stability and Lower Extremity Strength in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients
Sohn, M. K., Jee, S., & Kim, Y. W. (2013) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2013.37.6.759 · Cited by 115
Upregulated Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Monocytes Correlates with Severity of Acute Cerebral Infarction
Yang, Q., Li, J., Lu, F.-L., Wen, A., Xiang, J., Zhang, L., Huang, Z., & Wang, J. (2008) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.50 · Cited by 114
Sex Disparity in the Access of Elderly Patients to Acute Stroke Care
Foerch, C., Misselwitz, B., Humpich, M. C., Steinmetz, H., Neumann‐Haefelin, T., & Sitzer, M. (2007) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.106.478495 · Cited by 111
Effects of rTMS on grip force control following subcortical stroke
Dafotakis, M., Grefkes, C., Eickhoff, S. B., Karbe, H., Fink, G. R., & Nowak, D. A. (2008) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.018 · Cited by 111
Decreased nighttime heart rate variability is associated with increased stroke risk
Binici, Z., Mouridsen, M. R., Køber, L., & Sajadieh, A. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.607697 · Cited by 110
Stroke‐induced chronic systolic dysfunction driven by sympathetic overactivity
Bieber, M., Werner, R. A., Tanai, E., Hofmann, U., Higuchi, T., Schuh, K., Heuschmann, P. U., Frantz, S., Ritter, O., Kraft, P., et al. (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25073 · Cited by 109
Self-citation
Gender Differences in the Functional Recovery after Acute Stroke
Kim, J. S., Lee, K., Roh, H., Ahn, M., & Hwang, H.-W. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2010.6.4.183 · Cited by 109
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation
Sheng, R., Chen, C., Chen, H., & Yu, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197422 · Cited by 108
Cryptogenic stroke: time to determine aetiology
Guercini, F., Acciarresi, M., Agnelli, G., & Paciaroni, M. (2008) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02903.x · Cited by 108
2012 ACCF/AHA/ACR/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM/SVN/SVS Key Data Elements and Definitions for Peripheral Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Creager, M. A., Belkin, M., Bluth, E. I., Casey, D. E., Chaturvedi, S., Dake, M. D., Fleg, J. L., Hirsch, A. T., Jaff, M. R., Kern, J. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.860 · Cited by 106
Ischaemic stroke subtypes and associated risk factors: a French population based study
Béjot, Y., Caillier, M., Salem, D. B., Couvreur, G., Rouaud, O., Osseby, G.-V., Durier, J., Marie, C., Moreau, T., & Giroud, M. (2008) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.150318 · Cited by 106
Assessment of the Predictive Validity of Etiologic Stroke Classification
Arsava, E. M., Helenius, J., Avery, R., Sorgun, M. H., Kim, G., Pontes‐Neto, O. M., Park, K., Rosand, J. M., Vangel, M. G., & Ay, H. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5815 · Cited by 105
Epidemiology of stroke in Europe: Geographic and environmental differences
Béjot, Y., Bénatru, I., Rouaud, O., Fromont, A., Besancenot, J. P., Moreau, T., & Giroud, M. (2007) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.025 · Cited by 105
Outpatient cardiac telemetry detects a high rate of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke
Miller, D. J., Khan, M., Schultz, L. R., Simpson, J. R., Katramados, A. M., Russman, A., & Mitsias, P. D. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.10.001 · Cited by 101
Primary prevention of stroke: blood pressure, lipids, and heart failure
Endres, M., Heuschmann, P. U., Laufs, U., & Hakim, A. M. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq472 · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Stroke and Hypertension: An Appraisal from Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice
Buonacera, A., Stancanelli, B., & Malatino, L. (2017) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161115666171116151051 · Cited by 106
Cardioembolic stroke
Murtagh, B., & Smalling, R. W. (2006) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-006-0009-9 · Cited by 100
Serum Total and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Events: – The JALS-ECC –
Tanabe, N., Iso, H., Okada, K., Nakamura, Y., Harada, A., Ohashi, Y., Ando, T., Ueshima, H., & The Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Group (2010) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-09-0861 · Cited by 99
Emerging Treatments for Motor Rehabilitation After Stroke
Claflin, E. S., Krishnan, C., & Khot, S. P. (2014) · The Neurohospitalist · doi:10.1177/1941874414561023 · Cited by 99
Lipoprotein(a) is associated with large artery atherosclerosis stroke aetiology and stroke recurrence among patients below the age of 60 years: results from the BIOSIGNAL study
Arnold, M., Schweizer, J., Nakas, C. T., Schütz, V., Westphal, L. P., Inauen, C., Pokorny, T., Luft, A. R., Leichtle, A. B., Arnold, M., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab081 · Cited by 99
Risks of Stroke Recurrence and Mortality After First and Recurrent Strokes in Denmark
Skajaa, N., Adelborg, K., Horváth–Puhó, E., Rothman, K. J., Henderson, V. W., Thygesen, L. C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013118 · Cited by 99
Secondary Prevention of New Vascular Events with Lifestyle Intervention in Patients with Noncardioembolic Mild Ischemic Stroke: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial
Kono, Y., Yamada, S., Yamaguchi, J., Hagiwara, Y., Iritani, N., Ishida, S., Araki, A., Hasegawa, Y., Sakakibara, H., & Koike, Y. (2013) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000352052 · Cited by 99
Altered cerebral vasoregulation in hypertension and stroke
Novak, V., Chowdhary, A., Farrar, B., Nagaraja, H., Braun, J., Kanard, R., Novak, P., & Slivka, A. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000068023.14587.06 · Cited by 98
Spinal Cord Infarction in Clinical Neurology: A Review of Characteristics and Long-Term Prognosis in Comparison to Cerebral Infarction
Romi, F. R., & Næss, H. (2016) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000446700 · Cited by 98
Long-term detection of atrial fibrillation with insertable cardiac monitors in a real-world cryptogenic stroke population
Ziegler, P., Rogers, J., Ferreira, S. W., Nichols, A. J., Richards, M., Koehler, J. L., & Sarkar, S. (2017) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.039 · Cited by 98
Stroke, cerebrovascular diseases and vascular cognitive impairment in Africa
Akinyemi, R., Owolabi, M. O., Ihara, M., Damasceno, A. A. M., Ogunniyi, A. O., Dotchin, C. L., Paddick, S., Ogeng’o, J. A., Walker, R. W., & Kalaria, R. N. (2018) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.018 · Cited by 101
Rationale and Design of INTERSTROKE: A Global Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Stroke
O'Donnell, M. J., Xavier, D., Diener, C., Sacco, R. L., Lisheng, L., Zhang, H., Pias, P., Truelsen, T., Chin, S. L., Rangarajan, S., et al. (2010) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000306058 · Cited by 97
Detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source by prolonged monitoring with implantable loop recorders
Israel, C. W., Kitsiou, A., Kalyani, M., Deelawar, S., Ekosso‐Ejangue, L., Rogalewski, A., Hagemeister, C., Minnerup, J., & Schäbitz, W. (2017) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th17-02-0072 · Cited by 96
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Motor Recovery after Stroke: Mechanisms and Future Views
Takeuchi, N., & Izumi, S. (2012) · Stroke Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/584727 · Cited by 98
Trends in Incidence, Risk Factors, and Survival in Symptomatic Lacunar Stroke in Dijon, France, From 1989 to 2006
Béjot, Y., Catteau, A., Caillier, M., Rouaud, O., Durier, J., Marie, C., Carlo, A. D., Osseby, G., Moreau, T., & Giroud, M. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.510933 · Cited by 96
Neuronal and Glia-Related Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Hjalmarsson, C., Bjerke, M., Andersson, B., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Åberg, N. D., Olsson, B., Eckerström, C., Bokemark, L., & Wallin, A. (2014) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.4137/jcnsd.s13821 · Cited by 94
Secular Trends in Ischemic Stroke Characteristics in a Rapidly Developed Country
Jung, K., Lee, S., Kim, B. J., Yu, K., Hong, K., Lee, B., Roh, J., & Korean Stroke Registry Study Group (2012) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.111.963736 · Cited by 94
The Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-up of Extracranial Carotid Stenosis
Eckstein, H., Kuehnl, A., Dörfler, A., Kopp, I., Lawall, H., & Ringleb, P. A. (2013) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0468 · Cited by 93
Twenty-Year Time Trends in Long-Term Case-Fatality and Recurrence Rates After Ischemic Stroke Stratified by Etiology
Rücker, V., Heuschmann, P. U., O’Flaherty, M., Weingärtner, M., Hess, M., Sedlak, C., Schwab, S., & Kolominsky‐Rabas, P. L. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.029972 · Cited by 93
Self-citation
Stroke and the female brain
Bushnell, C. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0686 · Cited by 93
Phenotyping Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: Stroke Investigative Research and Education Network (SIREN) Phenomics Protocol
Akpalu, A. K., Sarfo, F. S., Ovbiagele, B. I., Akinyemi, R., Gebregziabher, M., Obiako, R., Owolabi, L. F., Sagoe, K. W. C., Jenkins, C. H., Arulogun, O., et al. (2015) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000437372 · Cited by 94
Prediction of Cardioembolic, Arterial, and Lacunar Causes of Cryptogenic Stroke by Gene Expression and Infarct Location
Jickling, G. C., Stamova, B. S., Ander, B. P., Zhan, X., Liu, D., Sison, S.-M., Verro, P., & Sharp, F. R. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.648725 · Cited by 93
Decreasing incidence of lacunar vs other types of cerebral infarction in a Japanese population
Kubo, M., Kiyohara, Y., Ninomiya, T., Tanizaki, Y., Yonemoto, K., Doi, Y., Hata, J., Oishi, Y., Shikata, K., & Iida, M. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000216132.95207.b4 · Cited by 90
Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation
Fauchier, L., Clémenty, N., Pelade, C., Collignon, C., Nicolle, E., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2015) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.115.010270 · Cited by 90
Incidence of aetiological subtypes of stroke in a multi-ethnic population based study: the South London Stroke Register
Hajat, C., Heuschmann, P. U., Coshall, C., Padayachee, S. T., Chambers, J., Rudd, A. G., & Wolfe, C. D. A. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2010.222919 · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Causes and Severity of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis
Famakin, B. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Lynn, M., Stern, B. J., & George, M. G. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.546150 · Cited by 89
Anti-inflammatory approaches to ischaemic stroke prevention
Kelly, P. J., Murphy, S., Coveney, S. A., Purroy, F. F., Lemmens, R., Tsivgoulis, G. K., & Price, C. (2017) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-314817 · Cited by 90
Acute Cerebrovascular Events With COVID-19 Infection
Dhamoon, M. S., Thaler, A. I., Gururangan, K., Kohli, A., Sisniega, D. C., Wheelwright, D., Mensching, C., Fifi, J. T., Fara, M. G., Jetté, N., et al. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.031668 · Cited by 87
High pro-BNP levels predict the occurrence of atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke
Rodríguez‐Yáñez, M., Rivas, S. A., Santamaría-Cadavid, M., Sobrino, T., Castillo, J., & Blanco, M. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829d8773 · Cited by 87
Gender differences in presenting and prodromal stroke symptoms
Stuart-Shor, E. M., Wellenius, G. A., DelloIacono, D. M., & Mittleman, M. A. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.543371 · Cited by 86
Contemporary prevalence of carotid stenosis in patients presenting with ischaemic stroke
Cheng, S. F., Brown, M. M., Simister, R. J., & Richards, T. (2019) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.11136 · Cited by 85
Left Atrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Cryptogenic Stroke: Novel Insights from Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
Leong, D. P., Joyce, E., Debonnaire, P., Katsanos, S., Holman, E. R., Schalij, M. J., Bax, J. J., Delgado, V., & Marsan, N. A. (2016) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2016.09.013 · Cited by 85
Stroke as the First Manifestation of Atrial Fibrillation
Jaakkola, J., Mustonen, P. E., Kiviniemi, T., Hartikainen, J. E. K., Palomäki, A., Hartikainen, P. H., Nuotio, I. O., Ylitalo, A., & Airaksinen, J. K. E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168010 · Cited by 84
Cryptogenic stroke
Yaghi, S. R., & Elkind, M. S. V. (2014) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000086 · Cited by 84
Characteristics of cryptogenic stroke in cancer patients
Gon, Y., Okazaki, S., Terasaki, Y., Sasaki, T., Yoshimine, T., Sakaguchi, M., & Mochizuki, H. (2016) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.291 · Cited by 84
The Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study (SWISS) Protocol
Meschia, J. F., Brown, R. D., Brott, T. G., Chukwudelunzu, F. E., Hardy, J., & Rich, S. S. (2002) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-3-1 · Cited by 84
Noninvasive Strategies to Promote Functional Recovery after Stroke
Faralli, A., Bigoni, M., Mauro, A., Rossi, F., & Carulli, D. (2013) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2013/854597 · Cited by 91
Stroke Incidence by Major Pathological Type and Ischemic Subtypes in the Auckland Regional Community Stroke Studies
Krishnamurthi, R., Barker-Collo, S. L., Parag, V., Parmar, P. G. K., Witt, E., Jones, A., Mahon, S., Anderson, C. S., Barber, P. A., & Feigin, V. L. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.019358 · Cited by 83
One-Year Incidence, Time Trends, and Predictors of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke in Sweden From 1998 to 2010
Bergström, L., Irewall, A.-L., Söderström, L., Ögren, J., Laurell, K., & Mooe, T. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.016815 · Cited by 82
Duration of Implantable Cardiac Monitoring and Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Tsivgoulis, G. K., Katsanos, A. H., Köhrmann, M., Caso, V., Perren, F., Palaiodimou, L., Deftereos, S. G., Giannopoulos, S., Ellul, J., Krogias, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Stroke · doi:10.5853/jos.2019.01067 · Cited by 82
Cryptogenic stroke
Fonseca, A. C., & Ferro, J. M. (2015) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12673 · Cited by 82
Incidence, case-fatality rate, and prognosis of ischaemic stroke subtypes in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in Iquique, Chile (PISCIS project): a community-based incidence study
Lavados, P. M., Sacks, C., Prina, L., Escobar, A., Tossi, C., Araya, F., Walter Feuerhake, M., Gálvez, M., Salinas, R. A., & Álvarez, G. (2007) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70684-6 · Cited by 79
Long-Term Prognosis, by Stroke Subtypes, after a First-Ever Stroke: A Hospital-Based Study over a 20-Year Period
Yokota, C., Minematsu, K., Hasegawa, Y., & Yamaguchi, T. (2004) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000079258 · Cited by 78
Acceleration Metrics Are Responsive to Change in Upper Extremity Function of Stroke Survivors
Urbin, M. A., Waddell, K. J., & Lang, C. E. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.11.018 · Cited by 77
Confounding by Pre-Morbid Functional Status in Studies of Apparent Sex Differences in Severity and Outcome of Stroke
Renoux, C., Coulombe, J., Li, L., Ganesh, A., Silver, L. E., & Rothwell, P. M. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.018187 · Cited by 77
Younger age of stroke in low‐middle income countries is related to healthcare access and quality
Rahbar, M. H., Medrano, M. Z., Diaz‐Garelli, F., Villaman, C. G., Saroukhani, S., Kim, S., Tahanan, A., Franco, Y., Castro-Tejada, G., Diaz, S. A., et al. (2022) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51507 · Cited by 76
A virtual reality test battery for assessment and screening of spatial neglect
Fordell, H., Bodin, K., Bucht, G., & Malm, J. (2010) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01390.x · Cited by 76
Kinematic Analysis of the Upper Limb Motor Strategies in Stroke Patients as a Tool towards Advanced Neurorehabilitation Strategies: A Preliminary Study
Aprile, I. G., Rabuffetti, M., Padua, L., Sipio, E. D., Simbolotti, C., & Ferrarin, M. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/636123 · Cited by 75
Comparison of the characteristics for in‐hospital and out‐of‐hospital ischaemic strokes
Park, H. J., Cho, H. J., Kim, Y. D., Lee, D. W., Choi, H., Kim, S. M., & Heo, J. H. (2009) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02538.x · Cited by 75
The Effectiveness of 1Hz rTMS Over the Primary Motor Area of the Unaffected Hemisphere to Improve Hand Function After Stroke Depends on Hemispheric Dominance
Lüdemann-Podubecká, J., Bösl, K., Theilig, S., Wiederer, R., & Nowak, D. A. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.02.004 · Cited by 75
2021 ISHNE/HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Collaborative Statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society
Varma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbuchel, H., Hu, Y.-F., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J.-P., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.120.009204 · Cited by 74
Beyond BOLD: Optimizing functional imaging in stroke populations
Veldsman, M., Cumming, T. B., & Brodtmann, A. G. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22711 · Cited by 78
Shear Wave Elastography Assessment of Carotid Plaque Stiffness: In Vitro Reproducibility Study
Ramnarine, K. V., Garrard, J., Dexter, K., Nduwayo, S., Panerai, R. B., & Robinson, T. G. (2013) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.014 · Cited by 73
Evaluation of costs and outcome in cardioembolic stroke or TIA
Winter, Y., Wolfram, C., Schaeg, M., Reese, J., Oertel, W. H., Dodel, R. C., & Back, T. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5053-2 · Cited by 73
Microparticle Shedding from Neural Progenitor Cells and Vascular Compartment Cells Is Increased in Ischemic Stroke
Chiva‐Blanch, G., Suades, R., Crespo, J., Peña, E., Padró, T., Jiménez‐Xarrié, E., Martí‐Fábregas, J., & Badimón, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148176 · Cited by 73
Epidemiology of ischemic stroke from atrial fibrillation in Dijon, France, from 1985 to 2006
Béjot, Y., Salem, D. B., Osseby, G., Couvreur, G., Durier, J., Marie, C., Cottin, Y., Moreau, T., & Giroud, M. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000341280.31919.bd · Cited by 73
Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke and its Subtypes in Chinese vs. Caucasians: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Tsai, C., Anderson, N., Thomas, B. M., & Sudlow, C. L. M. (2015) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/ijs.12508 · Cited by 72
CD40 Ligand and MCP-1 as Predictors of Cardiovascular Events in Diabetic Patients with Stroke
Davı̀, G., Tuttolomondo, A., Santilli, F., Basili, S., Ferrante, E., Raimondo, D. D., Pinto, A. V., & Licata, G. (2009) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.1537 · Cited by 72
Plasma D‐dimer levels and ischaemic lesions in multiple vascular regions can predict occult cancer in patients with cryptogenic stroke
Gon, Y., Sakaguchi, M., Takasugi, J., Kawano, T., Kanki, H., Watanabe, A., Oyama, N., Terasaki, Y., Sasaki, T., & Mochizuki, H. (2016) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13234 · Cited by 72
The Reveal LINQ insertable cardiac monitor
Tomson, T. T., & Passman, R. (2015) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1586/17434440.2014.953059 · Cited by 72
Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation
Sandrini, M., & Cohen, L. (2013) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00040-1 · Cited by 66
Long-Term Mortality in Patients With Stroke of Undetermined Etiology
Nam, H. S., Kim, H. C., Kim, Y. D., Lee, H. S., Kim, J., Lee, D. H., & Heo, J. H. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.112.661074 · Cited by 69
Migraine is associated with better cognition in the middle‐aged and elderly: the Rotterdam Study
Wen, K., Nguyen, N. T., Albert Hofman, D., Ikram, M. A., & Franco, O. H. (2016) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13066 · Cited by 69

Authors: Kolominsky-Rabas, P. L., Weber, M., Gefeller, O., Neundoerfer, B., & Heuschmann, P. U.
Affiliations: From the Unit for Stroke Research and Public Health Medicine, Department of Neurology (P.L.K.-R., M.W., B.N., P.U.H.) and Department of Epidemiology (O.G.), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
ORCID: Gefeller, Olaf
Heuschmann, Peter U.
Venue: Stroke
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 32
Issue: 12
Pages: 2735-2740
ISSN: 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
1524-4628
DOI: 10.1161/hs1201.100209
OpenAlex: W2049663681
Cited by: 1,281
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 69
FWCI: 12.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Stroke (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research
Keywords: ischemic stroke, TOAST classification, stroke subtypes, cardiac embolism, small artery occlusion, large artery atherosclerosis, stroke incidence, stroke recurrence, long-term survival, sex differences, Erlangen
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Ischemia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Observer Variation, Comorbidity, Incidence, Survival Rate, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Survivors, Stroke

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Epidemiology of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes According to TOAST Criteria: Incidence, Recurrence, and Long-Term Survival in Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks