Medication adherence and blood pressure control: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
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The widespread treatment of hypertension and resultant improvement in blood pressure have been major contributors to the dramatic age-specific decline in heart disease and stroke. Despite this progress, a persistent gap remains between stated public health targets and achieved blood pressure control rates. Many factors may be important contributors to the gap between population hypertension control goals and currently observed control levels. Among them is the extent to which patients adhere to prescribed treatment. The goal of this scientific statement is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the contribution of medication nonadherence to the national prevalence of poor blood pressure control, methods for measuring medication adherence and their associated challenges, risk factors for antihypertensive medication nonadherence, and strategies for improving adherence to antihypertensive medications at both the individual and health system levels.
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Single-pill antihypertensive combinations may improve medication-taking behavior in some individuals.
“Single-pill antihypertensive combinations may improve medication-taking behavior in some individuals (60,61).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
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“The goal of this scientific statement is to summarize the current state of knowledge of (1) the contribution of medication nonadherence to the national prevalence of poor BP control, (2) methods for measuring medication adherence and their associated challenges, (3) risk factors for antihypertensive medication nonadhe…”
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Self-citation
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2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension
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“4 Over 55 million Americans with hypertension are treated with antihypertensive medications, 7 and consequently show an improvement in blood pressure control.”
BackgroundCommodore-Mensah, Y. Y., Loustalot, F. V., Himmelfarb, C. D., Desvigne-Nickens, P. M., Sachdev, V., Bibbins-Domingo, K. B., Clauser, S. B., Cohen, D. J., Egan, B. M., Fendrick, A. M., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpab182 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRenal denervation for hypertension
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“Many reasons exist for this non-adherence, including medication cost, adverse effects (those that are predicted and understood as well as idiosyncratic reactions), fear and cultural differences 17 .”
Coca, A., Sp, W., Camafort, M., López-López, J., & Yang, E. (2024) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2024.04.011 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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“Antihypertensive medications can be assessed using both indirect and direct methods [80].”
BackgroundImpact of blood pressure and medication adherence on clinical outcomes in patients with hypertension
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Key Updates to the 2024 ESC Hypertension Guidelines and Future Perspectives
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“A high pill burden also contributes 65 .”
Rethinking Resistant Hypertension
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“In another study, polypharmacy treatment and multiple doses per day reduce medication adherence [32], while suggesting that early use of fixed-dose single-pill combinations of antihypertensive drugs could improve adherence [32].”
BackgroundLauffenburger, J. C., Barlev, R. A., Khatib, R., Glowacki, N., Siddiqi, A., Everett, M. E., Albert, M. A., Keller, P. A., Samal, L., Hanken, K. E., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0977 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“4,5,54 Clinicians can implement or expand these interventions to support medication adherence in hypertension care.”
Ferdinand, D., Reddy, T. K., Wegener, M., Guduri, P. S., Lefante, J., Nedunchezhian, S., & Ferdinand, K. (2023) · American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2023.100253 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and Management of Resistant Hypertension
Azizi, M., Vongpatanasin, W., Fisher, N. D. L., Mahfoud, F., Amar, L., & Kirtane, A. J. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2026.1221 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“It also significantly reduces the risk of stroke, heart disease, and all-cause death [10, 11].”
BackgroundPhenotypes of Hypertension: Impact of Age and Sex on Hemodynamic Mechanisms
Cseh, D., Yasmin, Mcdonnell, B. J., Maki-Petaja, K., Simonian, T. L., Cockcroft, J. R., Wilkinson, I., & McEniery, C. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.042096 · Cited by 12
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“Though not without limitations, recent studies show biochemical detection of drug levels to be the best method for determining patient adherence [54].”
BackgroundAssociation between medication literacy and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients.
Qin, N., Yao, Z., Shi, S.-J., Duan, Y.-L., Li, X., Liu, H., Zheng, F., & Zhong, Z.-Q. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13153 · Cited by 12
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“…in hypertensive patients with comorbid hyperlipidemia. control in hypertensive patients, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [48], which may reflect the fact that in the process of long-term treatment, some patients have irregular or untimely medication, which affects the…”
The Polypill: A New Alternative in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Espinosa, E. V. P., Mato, E., Guzmán, D. M. S., & Khasawneh, F. T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13113179 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This leads to non-adherence to treatment, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality, resulting in higher healthcare costs and hospital admissions [75,130].”
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“4,24 Thus, to improve medication adherence in patients with cancer, physicians should build a relationship of trust with patients and spend sufficient time in counseling them about managing their comorbidities such as hypertension.”
Osula, D., Wu, B., Schesing, K. B., Das, S. R., Moss, E., Alvarez, K., Clark, C., Halm, E. A., Brown, N. J., & Vongpatanasin, W. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.027099 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of the methods to measure non-adherence with a focus on chemical adherence testing
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“Indeed, dosing and medication adherence remain major concerns in the long-term management of chronic disorders 59,60 .”
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Compliance with Lid Hygiene in Patients with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
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“Depressive symptoms, for instance, can hinder adherence to medication, which is crucial for blood pressure control, as well as self-care behaviors (20,21).”
BackgroundMedication Adherence in Hypertension
Blecker, S., Mann, D. M., Martinez, T. R., Belli, H. M., Zhao, Y., Ahmed, A., Fitchett, C., Wong, C., Bearnot, H. R., Voils, C. I., et al. (2025) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2025.2155 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Male Gender Expressivity and Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Risks in Men
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Self-citationSagara, K., Gotō, K., Maeda, M., Murata, F., & Fukuda, H. (2024) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003661 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Foster, M. V., Etchin, A. G., Pope, C., Hartmann, C., Emidio, O., & Bosworth, H. (2023) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-023-01262-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“There have been several studies that have discussed how the pandemic has impacted HTN medication adherence [19, 20].”
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Medication adherence and non-adherence in arterial hypertension: a narrative review
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Hosseini, Z., Rad, R. E., Shahabi, N., Mohseni, S., Azad, M. H., Aghamolaei, T., & Madani, A. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1879 · Cited by 7
“10 ART is crucial for a successful HIV treatment, as it has dramatically reduced viral transmission, disease progression, and mortality among HIV patients.”
BackgroundGeorges, C. M. G., Ritscher, S., Pappaccogli, M., Petit, G., Lopez‐Sublet, M., Bapolisi, A. M., Monaco, S. D., Wallemacq, P. E., Rabbia, F., Toennes, S. W., et al. (2022) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037051.2022.2099346 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Medication Adherence: Fact or Fictions?
Mohiuddin, A. K. (2022) · Current Research in Public Health · doi:10.31586/crph.2022.533 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Louat, A., Dwikat, M. F., Nounou, M. V., Abdulhamid, S. M., Abdelaziz, A., Ibrahim, A. M., Sabouret, P. F., & Elhadi, M. (2025) · Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.5646/ch.2025.31.e41 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Sustained BP control is frequently impeded by multiple factors, including limited healthcare access, suboptimal medication adherence, complex therapeutic regimens, treatment efficacy, adverse effects, and resistant hypertension [5].”
Sharif, A. B., Chowdhury, S. S. A., Hossain, M., Hossain, M. A., Hossain, A., & Reza, H. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321449 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The lack of proper knowledge about the advantages of medication adherence in treating hypertension and how medicine lowers BP could be a probable reason behind the non-adherence among the participants who were diagnosed by non-health professionals [43].”
Pehopu, I. A., Irwan, A. M., Sjattar, E. L., Changmai, S., & Aziz, N. A. A. (2025) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2025.101943 · Cited by 6
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Jacobs, J. A., Derington, C. G., Zheutlin, A. R., King, J. B., Cohen, J. B., Bucheit, J. D., Kronish, I. M., Addo, D. K., Morisky, D. E., Greene, T., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.031574 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“10,37 Furthermore, the MMAS-8 was only measured at 2 points of follow-up (months 12 and 48), which may have limited clinician confidence in its accuracy.”
Self-citationKing, J., Derington, C., Herrick, J., Jacobs, J., Zheutlin, A., Conroy, M., Cushman, W., & Bress, A. (2023) · HYPERTENSION · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21132 · Cited by 6
Directly observed therapy for resistant/refractory hypertension diagnosis and blood pressure control
Pio-Abreu, A., Trani-Ferreira, F., da Silva, G. V., Bortolotto, L. A., & Drager, L. F. (2022) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2022-320802 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“The free water content of cement mortars was determined using a microwave oven 43 .”
Alfian, S. D., Candradewi, S. F., Griselda, M., Insani, W. N., Sweileh, W., & Abdulah, R. (2025) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s557301 · Cited by 5
“47, Patients’ medication beliefs, as a result of information exposure, were reported to have a significant association with disease perception, knowledge, and medication adherence.”
Zhang, M., Chen, W., Xu, Y., Fang, J., Liu, Y., Liu, X., & Song, L. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02739-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Additionally, the American Heart Association states that various factors contribute to non-adherence [9].”
Mantilla, Á. J. L., Gómez, L. A. P., Camacho, P. A., Otero, J. A., Novella, B., Gonzàlez-Medina, A., Valdez, O., Lanas, F. T., Rocha-Lezama, M. C., Alonzo-Arias, J., et al. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41726 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ferdinand, K. C., Charbonnet, R. M., Laurent, J., & Villavaso, C. D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000001040 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationHaff, N., Choudhry, N. K., Isaac, T., Bhatkhande, G., Jackevicius, C. A., Fischer, M. A., Solomon, D. H., Sequist, T. D., & Lauffenburger, J. C. (2022) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2022.10.083 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationReevaluating medication adherence in the era of digital health
Aungst, T. D. (2021) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2021.2019012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blood Pressure Trajectories and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Patients
Peng, X., Song, Q., Bai, J., Liu, Y., Cui, F., Chen, Z., & Cai, J. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.01.090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Debrah, O., Addo, F. O., Thomford, N. E., Zumesew, F., Debrah, A. A., Nsiah, P., Oduro-Boateng, I., Sadiq, N. U. A., Raji, A. S., -Atta, R. J. O., et al. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05410-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Addressing existing disparities through targeted strategies, such as optimizing NHIS reimbursement mechanisms and strengthening medication supply chains, could enhance medication adherence and overall health outcomes for hypertensive patients [53].”
InfluentialParvan, R., Aboumsallem, J. P., Meijers, W. C., de Boer, R. A., & Danser, A. H. J. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Okobi, O., Nwogwugwu, E., Ihezie, C., Olasupo, O. O., Emovon, C. I., Wambai-Sani, H., Ezie, O., Afolabi, A. R., Erinne, O., & O’dare, R. A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.66604 · Cited by 4
“These findings are consistent with previous studies which reported that gender differences persist in medication usage, with females more likely than males to take medication for high blood pressure, while males show higher rates for high cholesterol medication [19].”
BackgroundResultKim, H.-L., Park, S., Bae, Y., Ihm, S. H., Shin, J.-H., & Kim, K. (2024) · Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1186/s40885-024-00264-x · Cited by 4
“By taking AHM as directed, individuals can achieve and maintain optimal blood pressure (BP) levels, significantly reducing the risks associated with uncontrolled hypertension [4–7].”
BackgroundLiu, T., Zhao, X., Huang, M., Yang, Y. X., Chen, Z., He, X., Li, X., & Jiang, W. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16384 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Borghi, C., & Granados, D. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000001494 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sözmen, K., Ergör, G., Sakarya, S., Dinç, G., Şahan, C., Ekinci, B., Arikan, A., Sis, S., & Ünal, B. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59081366 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fogacci, F., Esposti, D. D., Micoli, A. D., Fiorini, G., Veronesi, M., Borghi, C., & Cicero, A. F. G. (2023) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7951 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“On the other side, the single molecules per se seem to exert a significant BP-lowering effect only when taken at a high dosage and more times a day (Cicero et al., 2019): this could decrease patients' adherence to the treatment on the long-term (Choudhry et al., 2022).”
Aielo, A. N., Santos, R. B., Giatti, S., Silva, W. A., Parise, B. K., da Cunha, L. F., Souza, S. P., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., & Drager, L. F. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.02.025 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Medicaid Statewide Hypertension Quality Improvement Project: Initial Results
Bolen, S. D., Koroukian, S. M., Wright, J. T., Persaud, H., Einstadter, D., Fiegl, J., Perzynski, A. T., Gunzler, D. D., Sullivan, C., Lever, J., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.36132 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Further exploration of this measure, enhanced availability of 90-day prescription refills, and addressing other barriers related to medication taking are essential [33,34].”
BackgroundKoya, S., Pilakkadavath, Z., Wilson, T., Chandran, P., Kuriakose, S., Akbar, S., & Ali, A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.22273638 · Cited by 4
Chen, S., Fang, Y., Ding, L., Mo, P. K. H., & Wang, Z. J. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001507 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…that no competing interests exist. self-management; (ii) reminder systems that track medication use and provide adherence feedback; (iii) regimen simplification, such as fixed-dose combinations; and (iv) financial incentives, including reduced co-payments or performance-based rewards [10,11].”
Adhikari, S., Stokes, T., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Fitchett, C., Ladino, N., Lawrence, S., Qian, M., Cho, Y., HAMO, C. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf162 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalensi dan determinan kepatuhan konsumsi obat pada penderita hipertensi: studi cross-sectional
Rifai, A., Kasim, F., Widyaningsih, F., Rambey, H., Bangun, S. M. B., & Indriani, R. (2025) · Haga Journal of Public Health (HJPH) · doi:10.62290/hjph.v2i3.56 · Cited by 3
Chen, X., Meng, J., Zhou, Q., Ni, Y., Zuo, C., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.70080 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Razzak, J., Ali, N., Khan, U. R., Ismail, M., Khan, B. A., Raheem, A., Agrawal, P., & Bhatti, J. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003948 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chemical adherence testing in the clinical management of hypertension: a scoping review
Rabbitt, L., Curneen, J. M. G., Dennedy, M. C., & Molloy, G. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1452464 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Basu, S., Maheshwari, V., Malik, M., Barzangi, K., & Hassan, R. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003413 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in existing patients with DM and/or HTN with abdominal obesity, adherence to medications apart from healthy lifestyle and self-care is crucial for maintaining controlled blood glucose and reduced blood pressure levels that reduce the risk of complications [16,17].”
BackgroundMobed, A., Gholami, S., Tahavvori, A., Ghazi, F., Masoumi, Z., Alipourfard, I., Naderian, R., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19467 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“3 past, clinician perceptions of the BP level required for treatment were highly variable and often different from published guidelines [11].”
BackgroundDeterminant factors of treatment adherence of hypertensive patients in a rural area of Indonesia
Visuddho, V., Kurniawan, P. A. P., Rafidah, S. F., Zamzam, R. R., bin Roslan, E. S., Habibi, M. R., Yaşargil, M. G., Atika, A., & Supratiwi, A. (2023) · Journal of Ideas in Health · doi:10.47108/jidhealth.vol6.iss2.281 · Cited by 3
Schwalm, J., Ivers, N., Bouck, Z., Taljaard, M., Natarajan, M., Nguyen, F., Hijazi, W., Thavorn, K., Dolovich, L., McCready, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02401-5 · Cited by 3
Adherence and blood pressure control in patients with primary aldosteronism
Nguyen, T. M. P. N., Štrauch, B., Petrák, O., Krátká, Z., Holaj, R., Kurcová, I., Marešová, V., Pilková, A., Hartinger, J., Waldauf, P., et al. (2022) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037051.2022.2061416 · Cited by 3
European Hypertension Guidelines: Similarities and What the Practicing Physician Should Keep in Mind
Zeniodi, M. E., Τσαγανός, Θ., Menti, A., Komnianou, A., Κόλλιας, Α., & Stambolliu, E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15020859 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dewi, S., Almahdy, A., Dasman, H., Syofyan, S., & Hafifah, A. S. (2025) · Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health · doi:10.30829/contagion.v7i2.24419 · Cited by 2
“Nevertheless,. Choudhry et al., (2021) reported that patients with controlled hypertension tend to exhibit higher levels of compliance compared to those with uncontrolled blood pressure.”
Medication Adherence in the Real World: Lessons from the Diuretic Comparison Project
Hynes, C. A., Hau, C., Woods, P., Leatherman, S., Anand, S. T., Glassman, P. A., Taylor, A. A., Cushman, W. C., Ishani, A., & Ferguson, R. E. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14165695 · Cited by 2
“Consequently, adherence in this population may have been higher than in individuals with newly diagnosed HTN initiating therapy, among whom first-year non-persistence rates have been reported to range from 30% to 80% [8].”
Wong, W., van Nguyen, T., Nguyen, V., Ngo, K. T. T., & Nguyen, T. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1111/jch.70105 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kern, K. C., Crossley, A., Wu, N., Mun, K. T., Dergalust, S., & Hinman, J. D. (2025) · Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108257 · Cited by 2
Ultrasound renal denervation in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ramadhan, R. N., Rampengan, D. D. C. H., Gunawan, F. A., Nathania, N., Willyanto, S. E., Yamada, H., Thaha, M., Suryantoro, S. D., & Empitu, M. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311191 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hou, T., Yu, L., Shi, X., Zhen, Y., Ji, L., Wei, Z., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1424683 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Miyazaki, M., Hirata, H., Takaki, S., Misaki, M., Mori, Y., Tokura, K., Sato, N., Nakashima, A., Yanagida, A., Okajima, I., et al. (2024) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy12050153 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indirect methods include pill counting, electronic monitoring, and formulations such as the proportion of days covered or the medication possession ratio [11,12], whereas direct methods include the measurement of drug concentrations in body fluids, such as the blood or urine [13].”
Method
- Authors
- Choudhry, N. K., Kronish, I. M., Vongpatanasin, W., Ferdinand, K. C., Pavlik, V. N., Egan, B. M., Schoenthaler, A., Houston Miller, N., Hyman, D. J., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Hypertension; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e1-e14
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- PMC
- PMC11485247
- OpenAlex
- W3204423521
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 52.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01 HS026522)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R25HL105444)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD013769)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Keywords
- medication adherence, medication non-adherence, blood pressure control, antihypertensive drugs, adherence measurement, risk factors for non-adherence, adherence interventions, health system interventions, cardiovascular disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Humans, Hypertension, United States, Medication Adherence
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