Cited by 351Heart Failure Treatment and ManagementHeart rate and cardiovascular healthCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Clinical Implications of the New York Heart Association Classification

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Caraballo, César, Desai, Nihar R., Mulder, Hillary, Alhanti, Brooke, Wilson, F. Perry, Fiuzat, Mona, Felker, G. Michael, Piña, Ileana L., O'Connor, Christopher M., Lindenfeld, Joanne, Januzzi, James L., Cohen, Lawrence S., Ahmad, Tariq·2019·Journal of the American Heart Association

DOI 10.1161/jaha.119.014240PMC PMC6912957

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Abstract

Background The New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) classification has served as a fundamental tool for risk stratification of heart failure ( HF ) and determines clinical trial eligibility and candidacy for drugs and devices. However, its ability to adequately stratify risk is unclear. Methods and Results To compare NYHA class with objective assessments and survival in patients with HF , we performed secondary analyses of 4 multicenter National Institutes of Health–funded HF clinical trials that included patients classified as NYHA class II or III: TOPCAT (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist), DIG (The Effect of Digoxin on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients With Heart Failure), HF‐ACTION (Efficacy and Safety of Exercise Training in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure), and GUIDE‐IT (Guiding Evidence‐Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment in Heart Failure). Twenty‐month cumulative survival was compared between classes using Kaplan–Meier curves and the log rank test. NT ‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro–B‐type natriuretic peptide), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire ( KCCQ ) scores, 6‐minute walk distances, left ventricular ejection fraction, and cardiopulmonary test parameters were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and percentage overlap using kernel density estimations. Cumulative mortality varied significantly across NYHA classes and HF clinical trials (likelihood ratio, P <0.001). Mortality at 20 months for NYHA class II ranged from 7% for patients in HF ‐ ACTION to 15% in GUIDE ‐ IT , whereas mortality for NYHA class III ranged from 12% in TOPCAT to 26% in GUIDE ‐ IT . There was substantial percentage overlap in values for NT ‐pro BNP levels (79% and 69%), KCCQ scores (63% and 54%), 6‐minute walk distances (63% and 54%), and left ventricular ejection fraction (88% and 83%). Similarly, there was substantial overall in values for minute ventilation–carbon dioxide production relationship (71%), maximal oxygen uptake (54%), and exercise duration (53%). Conclusions The NYHA system poorly discriminates HF patients across the spectrum of functional impairment. These findings raise important questions about the need for improved phenotyping of these patients to facilitate risk stratification and response to interventions.

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Authors: Caraballo, C., Desai, N. R., Mulder, H., Alhanti, B., Wilson, F. P., Fiuzat, M., Felker, G. M., Piña, I. L., O'Connor, C. M., Lindenfeld, J., Januzzi, J. L., Cohen, L. S., & Ahmad, T.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Duke Clinical Research Institute (US)
Detroit Medical Center (US)
Inova Heart and Vascular Institute Fairfax VA
Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Ahmad, Tariq
ORCID: Caraballo, César
Desai, Nihar R.
Mulder, Hillary
Alhanti, Brooke
Wilson, F. Perry
Fiuzat, Mona
Felker, G. Michael
Piña, Ileana L.
Januzzi, James L.
Ahmad, Tariq
Venue: Journal of the American Heart Association
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2019-12-03
Volume: 8
Issue: 23
Pages: e014240-e014240
ISSN: 2047-9980 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014240
PMC: PMC6912957
OpenAlex: W2991004728
Cited by: 351
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 10
FWCI: 15.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Journal of the American Heart Association (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK079310)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: NYHA functional class, heart failure, risk stratification, mortality, NT-proBNP, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, 6-minute walk distance, left ventricular ejection fraction, exercise capacity, patient phenotyping, TOPCAT, dig
MeSH terms: Heart Failure, Humans, New York, Societies, Medical, Risk Assessment

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