Gender Differences in Stroke Incidence and Poststroke Disability in the Framingham Heart Study
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is emerging as a major public health problem for women, as it is for men. Controversy persists regarding gender differences in stroke incidence, severity, and poststroke disability. METHODS: Participants in the Framingham Original (n=5119; 2829 women) and Offspring (n=4957, 2565 women) cohorts who were 45 years and stroke-free were followed to first incident stroke. Gender-specific outcome measures were adjusted for the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile components. RESULTS: We observed 1136 incident strokes (638 in women) over 56 years of follow-up. Women were significantly (P<0.001) older (75.1 versus 71.1 years for men) at their first-ever stroke, had a higher stroke incidence above 85 years of age, lower at all other ages, and a higher lifetime risk of stroke at all ages. There was no significant difference in stroke subtype, stroke severity, and case fatality rates between genders. Women were significantly (P<0.01) more disabled before stroke and in the acute phase of stroke in dressing (59% versus 37%), grooming (57% versus 34%), and transfer from bed to chair (59% versus 35%). At 3 to 6 months poststroke women were more disabled, more likely to be single, and 3.5 times more likely to be institutionalized (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) support the existence of gender-differences in stroke incidence, lifetime risk (LTR) of stroke, age at first stroke, poststroke disability, and institutionalization rates. Prestroke disability and sociodemographic factors may contribute to the high rate of institutionalization and poorer outcome observed in women.
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In a prospective US study of 505 patients with first ischemic stroke, no sex differences were found in stroke severity, stroke subtype, or infarct size and location, but mortality was higher in women.
“A prospective study from the USA conducted on 505 patients with first ischemic stroke (ischemic stroke genetics study) found that 270 patients (55%) were men and 229 (45%) were women [33]. In their study, no sex differences were found in stroke severity, stroke subtype, or infarct size and location, but a higher percentage of mortality was shown in women [27,28,29,30,33].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
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“A prospective study from the USA conducted on 505 patients with first ischemic stroke (ischemic stroke genetics study) found that 270 patients (55%) were men and 229 (45%) were women [33].”
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- Authors
- Petrea, R. E., Beiser, A. S., Seshadri, S., Kelly-Hayes, M., Kase, C. S., & Wolf, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- From the Departments of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (R.E.P., A.S.B., S.S., M.K-.H., C.S.K., P.A.W.) and Biostatistics (A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., S.S., M.K-.H., C.S.K., P.A.W.), Framingham, Mass.
- Venue
- Stroke
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1032-1037
- ISSN
- 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4628
- PMC
- PMC2676725
- OpenAlex
- W2019886507
- Cited by
- 672
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 22.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Stroke (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25195-41-0-1)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG033193)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01‐HC25195, N01-HC-025195)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (5-R01-NS-17950, R01NS017950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Keywords
- stroke incidence, gender differences, poststroke disability, women, institutionalization, pre-stroke disability, stroke severity, case fatality, sociodemographic factors, Framingham Heart Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Institutionalization, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Characteristics, Comorbidity, Incidence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Stroke
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