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Evidence of Developmental Differences in Implicit Sequence Learning: An fMRI Study of Children and Adults
Abstract
Prevailing theories of implicit or unaware learning propose a developmental invariance model, with implicit function maturing early in infancy or childhood despite prolonged improvements in explicit or intentional learning and memory systems across childhood. Neuroimaging studies of adult visuomotor sequence learning have associated fronto-striatal brain regions with implicit learning of spatial sequences. Given evidence of continued development in these brain regions during childhood, we compare implicit sequence learning in adults and 7- to 11-year-old children to examine potential developmental differences in the recruitment of fronto-striatal circuitry during implicit learning. Participants performed a standard serial reaction time task. Stimuli alternately followed a fixed 10-step sequence of locations or were presented in a pseudorandom order of locations. Adults outperformed children, achieving a significantly larger sequence learning effect and showing learning more quickly than children. Age-related differences in activity were observed in the premotor cortex, putamen, hippocampus, inferotemporal cortex, and parietal cortex. We observed differential recruitment of cortical and subcortical motor systems between groups, presumably reflecting age differences in motor response execution. Adults showed greater hippocampal activity for sequence trials, whereas children demonstrated greater signal during random trials. Activity in the right caudate correlated significantly…
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“Differential recruitment of prefrontal and subcortical regions has been reported across a number of developmental fMRI studies (Casey et al. 2002; Monk et al. 2003; Thomas et al. 2004).”
From The Adolescent Brain (2008) · cites this paper as Thomas et al. 2004
In the citing paper
“In children, skill performance is generally much slower, less accurate, and less automated than in adults, particularly in the initial stage of training (318, 385, 1185), which gives rise to the question of whether sleep enhances skill memories also in children if presleep performance is improved to a level comparable with that in adults.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1185]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thomas, K. M., Hunt, R. H., Vizueta, N., Sommer, T., Durston, S., Yang, Y., & Worden, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2004-10-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1339-1351
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2107564662
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH002024, K01 MH02024)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- implicit sequence learning, developmental differences, children, adults, serial reaction time task, frontostriatal circuits, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, putamen, premotor cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child Development, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Putamen, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Serial Learning
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