The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neural Representations and Mechanisms for the Performance of Simple Speech Sequences
Open accessAbstract
Speakers plan the phonological content of their utterances before their release as speech motor acts. Using a finite alphabet of learned phonemes and a relatively small number of syllable structures, speakers are able to rapidly plan and produce arbitrary syllable sequences that fall within the rules of their language. The class of computational models of sequence planning and performance termed competitive queuing models have followed K. S. Lashley [The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Jeffress (Ed.), Cerebral mechanisms in behavior (pp. 112-136). New York: Wiley, 1951] in assuming that inherently parallel neural representations underlie serial action, and this idea is increasingly supported by experimental evidence. In this article, we developed a neural model that extends the existing DIVA model of speech production in two complementary ways. The new model includes paired structure and content subsystems [cf. MacNeilage, P. F. The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 499-511, 1998 ] that provide parallel representations of a forthcoming speech plan as well as mechanisms for interfacing these phonological planning representations with learned sensorimotor programs to enable stepping through multisyllabic speech plans. On the basis of previous reports, the model's components are hypothesized to be localized to specific cortical and subcortical structures, including the left inferior frontal sulcus, the medial premotor cortex, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus. The new model, called gradient order DIVA, thus fills a void in current speech research by providing formal mechanistic hypotheses about both phonological and phonetic processes that are grounded by neuroanatomy and physiology. This framework also generates predictions that can be tested in future neuroimaging and clinical case studies.
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“Finally, the left putamen and thalamus were incorporated into a motor loop that passes activity from the SMA via the putamen to the thalamus and into the motor cortex (Bohland et al., 2010).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Bohland et al., 2010
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“With the aim of taking a first step towards modeling the acquisition of intonation, two prominent models were considered for this project: the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model [1, 17] and the Sensorimotor Integration Model (SMIM) [10].”
BackgroundMethodDiéguez-Vide, F., Planas, A. M. F., Gich, J., Puig, J., Berthier, M. L., & Elvira‐García, W. (2019) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2019.1661956 · Cited by 1
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“Details of some popular speech motor control models are explained in [16, 17, 15].”
BackgroundCentral Tenets of the Frame/Content Theory of Evolution and Acquisition of Speech Production
MacNeilage, P. F. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118584156.ch16 · Cited by 1
Bullock, D. H., & Tan, C. O. (2009) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2009.5178946 · Cited by 1
“Steps to rectify that have recently been taken by Guenther and colleagues (e.g., Bohland et al. [39]).”
BackgroundCurrent Models of Speech Motor Control: A Control-Theoretic Overview of Architectures & PropertiesPreprint
Parrell, B., Lammert, A. C., Ciccarelli, G. A., & Quatieri, T. F. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/197285 · Cited by 1
“Models of speech motor planning have been discussed and elaborated upon in the literature (Bohland et al., 2010; Civier et al., 2013; Saltzman et al., 2008; Byrd et al., 2009), and display a surprising amount of variety.”
BackgroundNeuromotor Organization of Speech Production
Tremblay, P., Deschamps, I., & Dick, A. S. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190672027.013.15 · Cited by 3
Thalamic encoding of lexical status is lateralized during reading aloudPreprint
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“We note that VA has been proposed to participate in selection of a language unit during speech production, via basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop interactions (Crosson, 2013); it also is included in the “planning loop” in the GODIVA model of speech production (Bohland et al., 2010).”
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Differences in vocabulary growth across groups and individuals
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Particulate Speech: The Emergence of the Phoneme from Syllable Frame Structures
MacNeilage, P. F. (2011)
Schaefer, M. C. M. (2013) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6587
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING OF AUDITORY FEEDBACK DURING SPEECH PRODUCTION AND ITS NEURAL SUBSTRATES
Zheng, Z. Z. (2012) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Etter, N. M. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Mori, K., Cai, C., Okazaki, S., & Okada, M. (2016) · Onsei kenkyū/Onsei kenkyu · doi:10.24467/onseikenkyu.20.1_61
“Incorporating this result, the GODIVA model (Bohland et al. 2010), with the function of dealing with phonological sequences added to the DIVA model, holds that phonological sequences are assembled in the left IFG.”
MethodSpeech Motor Planning in Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia
Mailend, M. (2017) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Cheema, K. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3zc7s88z
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Chang, S., & Guenther, F. H. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ar37m
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2 Some 20th- and 21st-Century Theories of Stuttering: A Brief Overview
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“It further adds to the evidence that tone is part of a word’s motor programme (i.e., the planning of tones occurs at the motoric level), as suggested in the DIVA (Guenther, 2016) and GODIVA (Bohland et al., 2010) models.”
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“Models of speech production often apply automaticity to larger units as well, hypothesising that motor plans are stored for the most frequently used words and phrases and retrieved as packages during speech production (Alm, 2021; Bohland et al., 2010; Hickok, 2014).”
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Korzeczek, A., Neef, N., Wiechmann, J., Hammers, K., Olthoff, A., Sommer, M., & Cholin, J. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109295
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“The first model, GODIVA, conceptualizes speech production as a dynamic interaction between cortical motor, somatosensory, and auditory regions (Bohland et al., 2010; Miller & Guenther, 2021).”
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“This model posits that premotor elements corresponding to individual movements scheduled for sequential execution are simultaneously activated, followed by a sequential selection process ( Bohland et al., 2010 ; Bullock, 2004 ; Houghton and Hartley, 1995 ; Lashley, 1951 ).”
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SÖZÜÇOK, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1824667
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“Within the framework of the Directions Into Veloci-ties of Articulators (DIVA) model, auditory processing deficits are posited to affect motor plane execution and error detection [8, 9].”
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Using the DIVA model to better understand speech motor disorders
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“…distinct cortico-basal ganglia loops: a planning loop responsible for phonological working memory and sequential ordering of upcoming speech sounds, and a motor loop involved in the generation and initiation of motor commands for the current speech sound (Bohland et al., 2010; Civier et al., 2013).”
Hansen, M., & Bürki, A. (2026) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2026.104783
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Theofanopoulou, C., & Jarvis, E. D. (2026) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pa5fq_v3
Chen, S.-H. K., Nagano, M., Gonnerman, L. M., Liu, H. T., & Meier, E. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1847242
Jolly, A., Yli-Savola, A., Pulli, E. P., Saloranta, E., Railo, H., Merisaari, H., Saukko, E., Silver, E. A., Kumpulainen, V., Copeland, A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70652
“…disfluency, particularly DIVA (Directions Into Velocities of Articulators) and its extension GODIVA (Gradient Order DIVA), propose that stable production depends on coordinated interactions among cortical and subcortical speech motor systems (Bohland et al. 2010; Tourville and Guenther 2011).”
How speech plans become spoken sequences
(2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02545-x
Bohland, J. W., O'Campo, A., Lassige, C. A., Freed, T. N., & Heyne, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1889468
“Malloy et al. (2022) also take this point of view, describing a theoretical model that builds on the GODIVA model of speech sequence production (Bohland et al., 2010), proposing differential roles for rhythm/asynchrony and for the content of auditory feedback.”
Neuroscience-informed psychoeducation for stuttering and other speech disorders
SheikhBahaei, S., Bakhtiar, M., Marchoubeh, M. L., & Maguire, G. A. (2026) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2026.09.012
Metadata
- Authors
- Bohland, J. W., Bullock, D., & Guenther, F. H.
- Affiliations
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1504-1529
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- PMC
- PMC2937837
- OpenAlex
- W2114774561
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0354378)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01, DC002852)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC002852, R01DC007683)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- speech production, phonological planning, sequence planning, DIVA model, serial order, basal ganglia, thalamus
- MeSH terms
- Basal Ganglia, Computer Simulation, Frontal Lobe, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Phonetics, Psychomotor Performance, Speech, Thalamus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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