Television and Voter Turnout*

“KL’s reliance on a variant of the “shift-share” methodology stands in marked contrast to other studies of the impact of media (Gentzkow 2006, Della Vigna and Kaplan 2007, Gentzkow and Shapiro 2008, Jensen and Oster 2009, La Ferrara, Chong, and Duryea 2012, Campante and Hojman 2013, Kearney and…”

“…using regional heterogeneity in media provision during periods of implementation or expansion, such as the case of cable TV in the United States (Gentzkow 2006, Baker and George 2010, Campante and Hojman 2013, Angelucci et al. 2020).4 In contrast to research in economics which exploits…”

“Finally, according to Gentzkow (2006) and Li et al. (2016), this study adds the third-order polynomial of the key selection variable and time to the control variables.”

“More specifically, we adopted the methodology proposed by Beck et al. [34] and Gentzkow [35] to construct a baseline model, which is as follows: Yit = α0 + α1Treati + α2Postt + α3Treati × Postt + εit (1) In Equation (1), Yit represents the dependent variable, including the supply, proportion, and price of residential…”

“Also, scholar analyzed from impact TV on politics (DellaVigna & Kaplan, 2007; Esser et al., 2012; Gentzkow, 2006), media and social policy (Altheide, 1991), law and regulation (Ohlsson & Sjøvaag, 2018; Puppis, 2008), TV’s influence in a society from a sociological perspective (Mehraj, Bhat, &…”

“A second branch exploits local-level discrete changes in the number of media outlets over time to identify the systematic influence of media entry on voter behavior (Gentzkow, 2006; Gentzkow et al., 2011; Drago et al., 2014; Falck et al., 2014; Gavazza et al., 2015; Cagé, 2017; Ellingsen et al., 2018).”

“Groseclose and Milyo (2005) document evidence that major media outlets are overall politically moderate”

“…et al.: Education and Political Participation in Europe introduction of television coincided with a decreases in voter turnout and a reduction in political knowledge, an effect that was due to television crowding out time spent accessing other media rich in political coverage (Gentzkow 2006).”

“Debate is the most interesting and most popular campaign element (Gentzkow, 2006) in an election.”

“Following Gentzkow (2006), I code a county as having a television station if it is located in a media market that has at least one television station.4 ΔNational Econt is a one-year change in national economic indicators.”

“To solve this problem, we try to find the city-level variables that influence whether a city set up the AAC [48].”

“The other strand of this literature investigates the long run impacts of media entry/exit (Gentzkow, 2006; Gentzkow et al., 2011; Drago et al., 2014; Gavazza et al., 2015; Cagé, 2017; Ellingsen et al., 2018).”

“Letting ̄̀≡ L̄2 L̄1 , and using N 1 +N E,H 2 = K H , (13), (14), and (20), we have”

“In the United States, economic analyses of the causal effect of television ownership has used the historical expansion of television (e. g. Gentzkow 2006; Campante and Hojman 2013), which occurred during a period in which data on sexual behavior was not widely collected.”

“( 2006 ) and Gentzkow ( 2006) have proven that different media types cause different effects on political elections; this study, however, tests how a politician's popularity erodes in countries where adverse economic news is spread by each one of traditional media channel (television, radio or print media).”

“Another way to address this concern is to directly correct for potential differentiated pre-trends, following Gentzkow (2006), Chen et al. (2018) and Gollin et al. (2021).”

“DellaVigna and Kaplan (2007) reported that voter participation increases due to television news, while Gentzkow (2006) reported that voter turnout decreased during the 1950-1990 period after the introduction of television in the USA, when television content was mostly dedicated to entertainment.”

“As this variable does not contain time variations, it is interacted with a full set of year-by-month fixed effects in the regression following the specifications in Gentzkow (2006) and Gollin et al. (2021).”

“Second, as shown by Gentzkow (2006) and Li et al. (2016), to control for potential pre-existing differences between control and treatment groups, the cubic polynomial of the time trend is added to make the time trend assumption more flexible.”

“In addition to education, prior evidence has shown that the introduction of television in the United States led to a reduction in voter turnout (Gentzkow 2006), that exposure to 2.”

“2 Edutainment as a genre of political discourse The advent and popularity of television were regarded as providing a new medium for delivering political information while offering consumers a wide array of new ways to use their leisure time (Gentzkow 2006).”

“…et al., 2016; Funk, 2010; Gerber et al., 2008), pivotality (Enos & Fowler, 2014), political movements (Madestam et al., 2013), media content (DellaVigna & Kaplan, 2007; Enikolopov et al., 2011; Gentzkow, 2006; Gentzkow et al., 2011), and voting laws (Fowler, 2013; Leon, 2017; Hoffman et al., 2017).”

“First, I explore the alternative hypothesis that the results are driven by the crowding out of political information (e.g., Gentzkow, 2006).”

“, 2005; Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2008; Nieto, 2019), political outcomes (Gentzkow, 2006; DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007; Barone et al., 2015), living conditions of women (Jensen and Oster, 2009), fertility (La Ferrara et al.”

“…Schroeder and Stone (2015), and Martin and Yurukoglu (2017) connect the introduction of Fox News to US voters’ political preferences and beliefs; Gentzkow (2006) and Campante and Hojman (2013) study how the television may have affected voter turnout and political polarization in the US; a…”

“In the 1950s, the spread of television in American households significantly reduced citizen participation in elections, in line with the decline in radio and newspaper consumption, which contributed to an overall decline in political knowledge (Gentzkow, 2006).”

“Following Gentzkow (2006) and Angelucci, Cagé, and Sinkinson (2024), we hypothesize that locations in which radio was introduced right before the freeze (89 constituencies) are comparable to those in which it was introduced immediately after (39 constituencies), conditional on a large number of…”

“Second, fol - lowing Gentzkow (2006), we interacted the 2015 baseline values of all control vari - ables with exogenous third-order polynomial time trends.”

“Previous studies examined the impacts of the internet (Campante, Durante, and Sobbrio 2018; Falck, Gold, and Heblich 2014), television (Gentzkow 2006), and radio (Strömberg 2004) on electoral politics.”

“…interventions (Grácio & Vicente, 2021; Marx et al., 2021; Gerber & Green, 2000; Dale & Strauss, 2009; Aker et al., 2017; Panagopoulos et al., 2014; Gerber et al., 2010; DellaVigna et al., 2016; Gerber et al., 2008) to natural experiments (Lassen, 2005; Gentzkow, 2006; Gentzkow et al., 2011).”

“To identify the validity of the assumption given the small amount of data for the prior years, we follow an approach used by Gentzkow (2006) and Agarwal and Qian (2014).”

“…its focus on the modern forms of media, such as the internet, social media and the television, in propagating populist sentiments in the U.S. (e.g., Gentzkow, 2006; Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2011; Campante and Hojman, 2013; Melnikov, Nikita, 2021).1 Interestingly however, Boxell et al. (2017) document…”

“Gentzkow (2006) uses variation in the timing of television’s introduction across US counties and finds a negative effect on turnout.”

“For example, Gentzkow (2006) found that the introduction of television in the USA caused a major drop in voter turnout because the television replaced other media with more political coverage.”

“The evidence linking television to a drop in voting is robust to partitioning counties into groups by demographic characteristics, controlling explicitly for demographics, and allowing nonlinear functions of time interacted with demographics (Gentzkow, 2006).”

“…participation rate (voter turnout) in congressional district i during period t.17 It is common in the literature (see e.g. Cox and Munger, 1989; Gentzkow, 2006; Washington, 2006) to employ models of the form yit = α + x ′ itβ + uit, (2) which under standard regularity conditions, allow the…”

“Gentzkow (2006) establishes a negative effect of television on voter turnout in the United States.”

“Some research suggests that television causes a substitution effect away from other forms of media, leaving people less informed and reducing turnout (Gentzkow, 2006).”

“γ(t) = T Y H(t) = T ( β ) 1 1−η AH(0)Φ (19)”

“One the other hand, the risk of information overflow might lead Internet users to only consume news that are concordant with their prior beliefs, thus fostering polarization (Mullainathan and Shleifer, 2005; Gentzkow, 2006).”

“Studies in this literature find that the two most recent changes in the media landscape, the introduction of the television and the internet, had a negative effect on turnout (Gentzkow 2006; Falck, Gold, and Heblich 2014).”

“Gentzkow [10] argued that the political news quantity on a variety of media affected political attitude and behavior.”