Television and Voter Turnout*

“With respect to voter turnout, we have the following figures, which it works as reference points: Gerber and Green (2000), 15.6%; Green and Gerber (2001), 20.4%; Green et al. (2003), 11.5%; Gentzkow (2006), 4.4%, and Gentzkow and Shapiro (2009), 12.9%.”

“Following Gentzkow (2006), the post in Equation (2) is transformed into a dummy for each year and then the regression is performed using the year before the policy implementation as the base year to test the parallel trends in water quality between border rivers in cities implementing the RCS and…”

“These align with policy selection criteria and reduce systematic differences between pilot and comparison cities before policy intervention (Gentzkow, 2006).”

“…condition; Second, the telephone popularization density in 1984 is determined by historical policies, geographical conditions and industrial layout, and theoretically does not directly affect the job satisfaction of contemporary individuals, satisfying the exogeneity condition (Gentzkow, 2006).”

“Gentzkow (2006) finds that the introduction of television reduced off year voter turnout by approximately 2 percentage points per decade, attributing this to substitution away from more politically informative media.”

“Following Gentzkow (2006), the first method incorporates interactions between the characteristic variables (S) and the linear (T), quadratic (T 2 ), and cubic (T 3 ) terms of the time trend into the regression.”

“In an age where the media is omnipresent and shapes public opinion [9, 11, 26, 45, 46, 72] and electoral outcomes [1, 13, 18, 21, 25, 28, 33, 53], detecting political biases of the media has never been more pressing.”

“…in demand for broadcast content motivated by previous literature showing the impact of media content on key choices of individuals such as voting (Gentzkow 2006; DellaVigna and Kaplan 2007; Durante et al. 2019), fertility decisions (Jensen and Oster 2009; Ferrara et al. 2012), and…”

“We follow Gentzkow (2006), Agarwal and Qian (2014), and Li, Lu, and Wang (2016) to characterize the significant determinants of the HSFCP selection.”

“Gentzkow (2006) exploits broadcast rings to identify the causal effects of TV on voter turnout.”

“To circumvent this issue, many studies have used exogenous shocks in voter turnout to estimate causal relationships (Gentzkow 2006; Horiuchi and Saito, 2012; Funk 2010; Hansford and Gomez 2010; Campante et al. 2013; Finseraas and Verby, 2014; Artés, 2014; Persson et al. 2014; Lassen, 2005; Arnold…”

“In an influential study, Gentzkow (2006) finds that introduction of TV in the US causes a major drop in voter turnout.”

“The specific testing method refers to the research by Gentzkow (2006) and Li, Lu, and Wang (2016).”

“News media have been found to have important effects on political participation (Livingstone & Markham, 2008), issue preferences (Friedland et al., 2022), and even voter turnout (Gentzkow, 2006; Prior, 2005).”

“(Gentzkow, 2006 S. 310) Also, global media content told political leaders and the transnational community to get involved in the conflict by either backing peace enterprise or enhancing politic pressure on the disagreeing parties.”

“REVISTA EMPRESA Y HUMANISMO / VOL XXVI / Nº 2 / 2023 / 211-244218 early 20´s in rural America Stromberg (2004b) or the introduction of TV in 50’s in US Gentzkow (2006) or the introduction of the Internet in Falk et al (2014) these experiences represent appropriate situation in which the impact of…”

“This study follows many others in finding a link between information and turnout measured by the mere presence of a particular media product, be it television (Gentzkow, 2006) or newspapers (Baekgaard et al., 2014).”

“…citizens’ information and their voting participation and decisions is well recognized and documented in many studies (Page et al. 1987; Bartels 1993; Gentzkow 2006; DellaVigna and Kaplan 2007; Barabas and Jerit 2009; Coyne and Leeson 2009; Oberholzer-Gee and Waldfogel 2009; Snyder and Strömberg…”

“Previous studies have demonstrated that voter turnout has declined owing to the diffusion of TV (Gentzkow, 2006) and the Internet (Falck et al., 2014; Campante et al., 2018; Gavazza et al., 2019).”

“3D technology has a long history, spanning from the invention of stereoscope in the 18th century to the 3D TV in the 20th century [7]-[8].”

“, 2011; Ferraz and Finan, 2008; Strömberg, 2015; Kendall, Nannicini, and Trebbi, 2015; Larreguy, Marshall, and Snyder, 2014), and political participation (Falck, Gold, and Heblich, 2014; Gentzkow 2006; Gentzkow, Shapiro, and Sinkinson, 2011; Oberholzer-Gee and Waldfogel, 2009; Snyder and Strömberg, 2010; Stromberg 200…”

“stereoscope was invented in the mid-18th century. Then, a stereo animation camera known as Kinetoscope was invented. The development of this technology since the 18th century is illustrated in Fig. 1 [1]. Fig.1. Development of 3D technology since the 18th century, (a) Stereoscope, (b) Kinetoscope, (c) Anaglyph, (d) Sh…”

“So far, researchers in political science and economics have been applying textual analysis to domestic politics, such as elections (Gentzkow, 2006).”

“More specifically, by asking what is the impact of turnout on media consumption, we reverse the research question from Gentzkow (2006) and DellaVigna & Kaplan (2007).”

“Ejemplos de agentes que disminuyen la información asimétrica son las estaciones de radio y de periódicos en India y Estados Unidos, principalmente (Besley, Pande y Rao, 2002; Gentzkow 2006).”

“…of political participation, and as such, is an expression that allows the support or legitimation of a representative’s labor and the improvement in political accountability (Banerjee, Kumar, Pande, & Su, 2010, DellaVigna & Kaplan, 2007, Gentzkow, 2006, Snyder & Strömberg, 2010, Strömberg, 2004).”

“Stromberg (2004), Gentzkow (2006) , Larcinese (2007a), Della Vigna and Kaplan (2007 )a nd Petrova (2008).”

“Empirical research about how information effects voting behavior has often focused on voter turnout and/or political accountability as the main outcome of interest (e.g. De Neve 2014; Besley and Burgess 2002; Gentzkow 2006; Ferraz and Finan 2008).”

“Following Gentzkow (2006), inter-census years are estimated by linear interpolation.”

“(See Gentzkow (2006) for a previous application of this approach.”

“…that other educational and non-educational influences mediate educational effects in important ways (see Costa and Kahn, 2003; Dalton, 2009; Genzkow, 2006; Highton and Wolfinger, 2001; Leighley and Vedlitz, 1999; Prior, 2011; Strate et al., 1989; Wattenberg, 2008), and by studies…”