Television and Voter Turnout*

“The existing literature finds contrasting results: Stromberg (2004) shows that the introduction of radio had increased turnout, while Gentzkow (2006) finds that the expansion of television had a negative effect on turnout.”

“9 The case for negative impacts of TV consumption on society is, e.g., made by Kubey (1996), Putnam (2000), Sparks and Sparks (2002) and Gentzkow (2006).”

“…newspaper (Besley and Burgess, 2002; Gentzkow, Shapiro and Sinkinson, 2011; Snyder and Str¨omberg, 2010), television (DellaVigna and Ka-plan, 2007; Gentzkow, 2006), and radio (DellaVigna et al., 2014; Ferraz and Finan, 2008; 1 According to the sixth wave (2010-2014) of the World Values Survey,…”

“To control for differences in the temporal evolution of the explained variable (Gentzkow, 2006; Li et al., 2016), we introduced interaction terms between the pilot selection variables and time trend function based on equation (1).”

“Gentzkow, Glaeser, and Goldin (2006) demonstrate that changes between 1870 and 1920 in the U.”

“Following Gentzkow (2006) and Angelucci et al. (2020), we hypothesize that locations in which radio was introduced right before the freeze (89 constituencies) are comparable to those in which it was introduced immediately after (39 constituencies), conditional on a large number of observables.”

“In a similar vein, Gentzkow (2006) noted that a tendency for US media consumer to substitute toward television viewing and away from radio and newspapers was associated with a decline in their overall engagement in the civic debate.”

“Although the previous event study does not preclude the parallel-trend assumption, here we would address the endogeneity issue adopting a more rigorous approach developed by Gentzkow (2006).”

“While Gentzkow (2006) found that television diminished political engagement, Sørensen (2019) found that consumption of public broadcasting TV can increase levels of political participation, suggesting that specific channel content and consumption mattered.”

“(11)Examples of studies of voter turnout include Rosenstone (1982), Gentzkow (2006), Gentzkow, Shapiro, and Sinkinson (2011), and Charles and Stephens (2013). (12)We also conduct a similar analysis as before examining potential heterogeneous effect across counties. Overall there is little evidence that the effect on t…”

“Gentzkow (2006) argues that the main determinants of television’s entry order are the DMA’s population and wealth, and, after controlling for the logs of these values, shows that other observable DMA characteristics are not independently or jointly predictive of the TABLE 1 NHIS RESPONDENT SUMMARY…”

“Gentzkow [12] shows that the introduction of television significantly reduced voter turnout.”

“A growing body of empirical evidence shows that media access increases citizens’ political knowledge (Coyne & Leeson 2009, Snyder & Strömberg 2010), affects voter turn-out (Gentzkow 2006, Oberholzer-Gee & Waldfogel 2009), and can influence voting decisions (DellaVigna & Kaplan 2007, ?, Chiang & Knight 2011). Moreover,…”

“Referring to Gentzkow [45], this paper uses the kernel density method to estimate logit regression on the sample.”

“The migrant population size in 2010 was measured prior to the launch of the EBPHS program, and popular migration destinations might have been more likely to be chosen to launch the EBPHS migrant pilot program [32, 33].”

“…attracting away some attention from the more informative traditional means of information, i.e. newspapers and radio, by producing a sharp decline in turnout in the 1950s (Gentzkow 2006), and also by contributing to the recent rise in political polarization in the U.S. (Martin and Yurukoglu 2017).”

“Similar to prior studies (Baker and George, 2010; Gentzkow, 2006; George, 2009), we leverage the exogenous variation in TV-broadcasting-station penetration across geographical markets caused by the TV- 20 licensing freeze between 1950 and 1952 to establish a causal relationship: it is unlikely that…”

“To measure the importance of television, the utilization of which was growing rapidly, we use county level data on the household TV penetration from Gentzkow (2006).”

“Seymour-Ure (1974), Gentzkow (2006) and Gerber, Karlan, and Bergan (2009) have proven that different media types cause different effects on political elec-”

“…of the media on voters’ behaviour (Gentzkow, 2006; Della Vigna and Kaplan, 2007), the effects of television on children’s school performance (Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2008), the impact of cable TV on female autonomy, school enrolment and fertility (Jensen and Oster, 2009) and the effect of…”

“…to the growing body of empirical literature on whether and, if so, how political participation is affected by mass media, such as TV (see, e.g., Gentzkow, 2006; DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007; Enikolopov, Petrova, and Zhuravskaya, 2011; Durante and Knight, 2012; Durante, Pinotti, and Tesei, 2014;…”

“…Chong, and Duryea 2012), voting intentions and behaviors (Della Vigna and Kaplan 2007; Durante, Pinotti, and Tesei 2019; Foos and Bischof 2022; Gentzkow 2006; Hopkins and Ladd 2014), politicians ’ accountability (Besley and Burgess 2002; Stromberg 2004), politicians ’ attitudes (Clinton and…”

“and Gentzkow, M. (2010). Persuasion: Empirical evidence.”

“Gentzkow (2006) and Campante and Hojman (2013) provide evidence that increases in access to television decrease voter turnout, whereas radio increases voter turnout.”

“Television also influences violent crime ( Dahl and DellaVigna, 2006 ), voting turnout ( Gentzkow, 2006 ), democratic/republican patterns ( DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007 ) and international policy ( Eisensee and Stromberg, 2007 ).”

“…on media effects on voting behavior (DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007, Bergen, Karlan, Bergan, 2009, Enikolopov, Petrova, and Zhuravskaya, 2011, Gentzkow 2006, Gentzkow et al. 2011), public policies (Strömberg 2004, Eisensee and Strömberg, 2007, Snyder and Strömberg 2010), and ethnic hatred…”

“We construct county-level proxy variables using CFPS data to approximate the selection criteria (Gentzkow 2006).”

“Also in X it , time-trend interactions of the pre-treatment outcomes log average number of new firms in 2002–5 (plus one) and growth in economic activity in 2000 as proxied by growth in nighttime lighting helps to isolate the treatment effect of the law (Gentzkow 2006).”

“Although we are constrained by the availability of insider stories, we can still rule out the endogenous problems through statistical analysis by using observable data (Gentzkow 2006).”

“2017), or changes in media consumption (Gentzkow 2006; DellaVigna and Kaplan 2007; Gerber et al. 2009).”

“Gentzkow (2006), however, presents an argument that television has decreased voter turnout over time.”

“To further alleviate the concern that differential pretrends may exist, we fi rst conduct an additional endogeneity check following Gentzkow (2006), Lu and Yu (2015), and Chen et al. (2018).”

“2 Litigation Cost Survey of Major Companies, 2010, Lawyers for Civil Justice, Civil Justice Reform Group, and the U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform. 3 See Hope Viner Samborn, The Vanishing Trial: More and More Cases Are Settled, Mediated or Arbitrated Without a Public Resolution, 88 A.B.A.J. 24 (October 2002). T…”

“Gentzkow (2006) argues instead that television’s introduction depressed turnout in the US by substituting away from media with more political coverage (newspapers and radio), and Gentzkow et al. (2011) find that newspaper entry increases turnout.”

“4 An established body of literature in economics finds effects of TV on political outcomes, such as reduced turnout and lower political knowledge as voters substitute away from newspapers (Gentzkow, 2006); political persuasion of ideologically biased media (DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007; Enikolopov et al.”

“To dispel this question, referring to Gentzkow ( 2006 ) and Li et al. ( 2016 ), we searched the critical selection criteria for NICP cities and further controlled for these variables in our econometric model.”

“To address these concerns, learning from the method suggested by Gentzkow (2006), we introduced the interaction of the selection variables with a third-order polynomial function of the time trend or year dummies.”

“This should also reduce the chance to cover corruption, even if [38] and in [42] show also the evidence that an increase in the supply of news media may lead to a negative effect on electoral participation due to a crowding-out effect on the existing type of news media.”

“The stationarity is acknowledged by Gentzkow (2006), who assumes current DMA borders to be a valid approximation to those in the 1960s.”