Vigilance in African Mammals: Differences among Mothers, Other Females, and Males
Abstract
Abstract The time devoted to eating, vigilance (or scanning), walking and aggression was studied in one-minute focal animal samples as a function of sex, age, and motherhood for several African animals including African elephant, Burchell's zebra, Cape buffalo, Defassa waterbuck, impala, and Uganda kob. Between 24 and 45 percent of the variation in vigilance behavior was accounted for by location (center or edge of herd), sex, age and whether a female had young. Time of day entered the linear multiple regression models for two species, and surprisingly group size did not enter any of the linear multiple regression models in 1993. In general, females with young were more vigilant than their young or females without young. There were few gender differences in vigilance among animals without young, except that male zebra, wildebeest and waterbuck were more vigilant than females. Animals on the edge of herds devoted more time to vigilance than intermediate or central animals (regardless of sex or age class). Although there was no relationship between group size and vigilance in 1993 when all herds were considered, there was a decrease in vigilance with increasing herd size for impala and kob for herds less than 50. Moveover, herd size and vigilance were negatively correlated in our 1984-1985 study, due partly to differences in group sizes. In 1984-1985 animals were not migrating, and were in relatively small, discrete groups, whereas in 1993 some species were migrating in large herds that stretched for several km. We suggest that in 1993 herd size was above a threshold where increases in group size can lead to further decreases in vigilance. Under these circumstances, location in the herd becomes paramount: Outside animals can be directly exposed to attack. Consequently animals on the edge devote more time to vigilance than central animals.
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Female prey with young are generally more vigilant and tend to aggregate more compared to males and females without young.
“Female prey with young are generally more vigilant and tend to aggregate more compared to males and females without young [40].”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
The greater importance of high wind speeds for male prey kills may be because of increased vigilance by female prey with young.
“High wind speeds were, however, more important for kills of male prey (Fig 5C), possibly because of increased vigilance by female prey with young [40].”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
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Lou, Y., Shi, M., Fang, Y., Swenson, J. E., Lyu, N., & Sun, Y. (2017) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00257 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Large carnivore dangerousness affects the reactive spatial response of prey
Say‐Sallaz, E., Chamaillé‐Jammes, S., Périquet, S., Loveridge, A. J., Macdonald, D. W., Antonio, A., Fritz, H., & Valeix, M. (2023) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.05.014 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Interference competition and group size effect in sika deer (Cervus nippon) at salt licks
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Social Class and Group Size as Predictors of Behavior in Male Equus kiang
Kannan, P., & Parsons, M. H. (2017) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.04.04.04.2017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Predation risk effects on intense and routine vigilance of Burchell's zebra and blue wildebeest
Yiu, S. W., Keith, M., Karczmarski, L., & Parrini, F. (2021) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The role of the ram in the impala (Aepyceros melampus) mating system
Oliver, C. M. (2002) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Vigilance adjustments in relation to long- and short term risk in wild fallow deer (Dama dama)
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Vigilance behavior and chickens: Differences among status and location
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Self-citationLinking proximate drivers and fitness returns of vigilance in a large ungulate
Déry, F., Hamel, S., & Côté, S. D. (2024) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.10879 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Environmental and Community Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscata-way, NJ 08854, USA
- Venue
- Behaviour
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 153-169
- ISSN
- 0005-7959 (ISSN-L)
- 1568-539X
- OpenAlex
- W1976623627
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- vigilance behavior, scanning behavior, African mammals, sex differences, motherhood, herd size, Loxodonta africana, Burchell's zebra, Cape buffalo, impala
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