Cited by 8Chinese history and philosophyComplementary and Alternative Medicine StudiesIndian and Buddhist Studies

‘Treating Illness’: Translation of a Chapter from a Medieval Chinese Buddhist Meditation Manual by Zhiyi (538–597)

Open access
Salguero, C. Pierce·2012·Asian Medicine

Abstract

<section class="abstract">Abstract This translation is an excerpt from a meditation treatise by one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history, the Chinese scholar-monk Zhiyi (538–597). Zhiyi was notable as a systematizer and domesticator of Buddhist knowledge, and particularly for his writings on śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation. The excerpt translated below is a complete chapter from the shorter of his meditation treatises. It focuses specifically on how various strands of Indian and Chinese medical and religious knowledge could be employed to diagnose and treat illness while the practitioner remained engaged in seated meditation. Incorporating both foreign and domestic knowledge into the framework of śamatha and vipaśyanā, this chapter represents one of the earliest examples of systematic Indo- Sinitic medical syncretism, and one of the most important expressions of a unique medieval Chinese Buddhist perspective on healing. </section>

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1163/15734218-12341262

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 7 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    The same mistake about excess Earth causing emaciation appears in both T 1915 and T 1916.

    “As both T 1915 and T 1916 contain the same error”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The medical chapter in the Taishō edition diverges from Sekiguchi's reconstructed text in how it describes symptoms and treatments, at times markedly.

    “As the Taishō Tripitaka version of the medical chapter differs from Sekiguchi's reconstruction in its explanations of the symptoms of disease and therapeutic methods-sometimes significantly”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At times, Zhiyi included depletion signs among the symptoms he attributed to excess.

    “in some cases, he seems to have mixed symptoms of depletion into his symptoms of excess”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Multiple printed and manuscript editions of the Shorter Treatise survive today.

    “The Shorter [Treatise on] Śamatha and Vipaśyanā exists today in several printed and manuscript versions”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Taishō edition omits the greater part of this passage.

    “Most of this passage is missing from the Taishō Tripitaka version of the text.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 5
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although Zhiyi says each Element may be either depleted or excessive, his section lists only signs of excess.

    “While he states above that each Element fluctuates 增損 (i.e., can suffer from either depletion or excess), this section only gives symptoms of excess.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The edition easiest to consult is found in Taishō Tripitaka volume 46 (T 1915).

    “the most readily accessible of which appears in Volume 46 of the Taishō Tripitaka (T 1915).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The chapter concerns the use of Indian and Chinese medical and religious ideas for diagnosing and curing sickness during seated meditation.

    “it focuses specifically on how various strands of Indian and Chinese medical and religious knowledge could be employed to diagnose and treat illness while the practitioner remained engaged in seated meditation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Sekiguchi's text is not readily available outside his 1954 publication.

    “Because it is not readily available outside of his 1954 publication”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The scriptural passage is only partly quoted from T 475: 545a17-20.

    “This is a partial quote of T 475: 545a17-20.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    That work employs comparable wording in its title and contains many healing visualizations.

    “which uses similar language in its title line and presents numerous healing visualisations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The passage rendered here constitutes the entire ninth chapter of the shorter meditation manual.

    “The excerpt translated below is the complete ninth chapter of the treatise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Zhiyi's description of diagnosis by the Four Elements is incomplete and not entirely correct.

    “Zhiyi's account of Four Element diagnosis is neither complete nor wholly accurate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The passage rendered here comes from a meditation manual attributed to the Chinese monk Zhiyi, who lived from 538 to 597.

    “This translation is an excerpt from a meditation treatise by one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history, the Chinese scholar-monk Zhiyi (538-597).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “The translation below is an excerpt from a meditation treatise by one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history, the Chinese scholarmonk Zhiyi 智顗 (538-597).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swanson 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Zhiyi worked to systematize and domesticate Buddhist knowledge.

    “Zhiyi was notable as a systematizer and domesticator of Buddhist knowledge”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Zhiyi, was notable as a systematizer and domesticator of Buddhist knowledge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swanson 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The conclusion is that either the three texts are corrupt or Zhiyi misunderstood a fundamental Indian medical teaching.

    “we must conclude either that all three texts are corrupted or that Zhiyi was misinformed about this very basic Indian medical doctrine.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The chapter stands as a major expression of a distinctive medieval Chinese Buddhist view of healing.

    “one of the most important expressions of a unique medieval Chinese Buddhist perspective on healing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Zhiyi was especially known for his works on śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation.

    “particularly for his writings on śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
      “Among his more well-known contributions are his writings on śamatha 止 and vipaśyanā 觀 meditation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swanson 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The translator adopted Sekiguchi's edition as the basis for the rendering.

    “I have chosen to follow Sekiguchi's version for the translation below.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
14 of 14

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

6 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Dharmamitra, 2008, The Essentials of Buddhist Meditation: A Classic Śamatha-Vipaśyanā Meditation Manual: The Essentials for Practicing Calming-and-Insight & Dhyāna Meditation, by the Great Tiantai Meditation Master & Exegete: Śramaṇa Zhiyi (Chih-I) (538–597 CE)
  2. Birnbaum, 1989, ‘Chinese Buddhist Traditions of Healing and the Life Cycle’, 33
  3. Chen, 2013, Zhonggu yiliao yu wailai wenhua 中古醫療與外來文化
  4. Demiéville, 1985, Buddhism and Healing: Demiéville’s Article ‘Byō’ from Hōbōgirin
  5. Griffiths, 1981, ‘Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists’, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 4, 17
  6. Lu, 1964, The Secrets of Chinese Meditation: Self-Cultivation by Mind Control as Taught in the Ch’an, Mahāyāna and Taoist Schools in China
  7. Sekiguchi, 1954, Tendai shōshikan no kenkyō 天台小止観研究
  8. Swanson, 1997, ‘What’s Going on Here? Chih-i’s Use (and Abuse) of Scripture’, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 20, 1
  9. Swanson, 1999, ‘Dry Dust, Hazy Images, and Missing Pieces: Reflections on Translating Religious Texts’, Nanzan Bulletin, 23, 29
  10. Yamano, 1985, ‘Tendai Chigi no igaku shisō josetsu 天台智顗医学思想序説’, Shinshū Sōgō Kenkyūjo kenkyū kiyō 真宗総合研究所研究紀要, 3, 115

Cited by

Authors
Salguero, C. P.
Affiliations
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author
Salguero, C. Pierce
Venue
Asian Medicine
Published
2012-01-20
Volume
7
Issue
2
Pages
461-473
ISSN
  • 1573-420X (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-4218
OpenAlex
W2009863562
Cited by
8
References
16
Citations by year
2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2014: 2
FWCI
1.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Asian Medicine (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Chinese history and philosophy
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
Keywords
Zhiyi, Chinese Buddhism, Buddhist meditation, samatha, seated meditation, Buddhist medicine

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