‘Treating Illness’: Translation of a Chapter from a Medieval Chinese Buddhist Meditation Manual by Zhiyi (538–597)
Open accessAbstract
<section class="abstract">Abstract This translation is an excerpt from a meditation treatise by one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history, the Chinese scholar-monk Zhiyi (538–597). Zhiyi was notable as a systematizer and domesticator of Buddhist knowledge, and particularly for his writings on śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation. The excerpt translated below is a complete chapter from the shorter of his meditation treatises. It focuses specifically on how various strands of Indian and Chinese medical and religious knowledge could be employed to diagnose and treat illness while the practitioner remained engaged in seated meditation. Incorporating both foreign and domestic knowledge into the framework of śamatha and vipaśyanā, this chapter represents one of the earliest examples of systematic Indo- Sinitic medical syncretism, and one of the most important expressions of a unique medieval Chinese Buddhist perspective on healing. </section>
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 7 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingnone given
The same mistake about excess Earth causing emaciation appears in both T 1915 and T 1916.
“As both T 1915 and T 1916 contain the same error”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The medical chapter in the Taishō edition diverges from Sekiguchi's reconstructed text in how it describes symptoms and treatments, at times markedly.
“As the Taishō Tripitaka version of the medical chapter differs from Sekiguchi's reconstruction in its explanations of the symptoms of disease and therapeutic methods-sometimes significantly”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At times, Zhiyi included depletion signs among the symptoms he attributed to excess.
“in some cases, he seems to have mixed symptoms of depletion into his symptoms of excess”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Multiple printed and manuscript editions of the Shorter Treatise survive today.
“The Shorter [Treatise on] Śamatha and Vipaśyanā exists today in several printed and manuscript versions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Taishō edition omits the greater part of this passage.
“Most of this passage is missing from the Taishō Tripitaka version of the text.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning
The citation likely points to T.620, the text known as Secret Essential Methods for Curing Meditation Illnesses.
“I take this as a reference to the Secret Essential Methods for Curing the Meditation Illnesses 治禪病祕要法 (T.620)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The Taishō edition includes numerous later additions and changes, probably introduced by subsequent authors.
“The version included in the Taishō Tripitaka contains many accretions and modifications that were likely added by later writers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sekiguchi 1954
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The chapter counts among the earliest instances of systematic medical syncretism between Indian and Chinese traditions.
“this chapter represents one of the earliest examples of systematic Indo-Sinitic medical syncretism”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The Twelve Respirations resemble Indian prānāyāma, or breath-control practices.
“These Twelve Respirations are suggestive of Indian prānāyāma, or breath control exercises.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Salguero forthcoming
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Sekiguchi Shindai produced a critical edition thought to better reflect Zhiyi's original text.
“the Japanese scholar Sekiguchi Shindai has published a critical edition of the text that is believed to be more representative of Zhiyi's original composition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Sekiguchi 1954
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Swanson 2007
- May combine two claims. 5
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAlthough Zhiyi says each Element may be either depleted or excessive, his section lists only signs of excess.
“While he states above that each Element fluctuates 增損 (i.e., can suffer from either depletion or excess), this section only gives symptoms of excess.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe edition easiest to consult is found in Taishō Tripitaka volume 46 (T 1915).
“the most readily accessible of which appears in Volume 46 of the Taishō Tripitaka (T 1915).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown dataThe chapter concerns the use of Indian and Chinese medical and religious ideas for diagnosing and curing sickness during seated meditation.
“it focuses specifically on how various strands of Indian and Chinese medical and religious knowledge could be employed to diagnose and treat illness while the practitioner remained engaged in seated meditation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone givenSekiguchi's text is not readily available outside his 1954 publication.
“Because it is not readily available outside of his 1954 publication”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe scriptural passage is only partly quoted from T 475: 545a17-20.
“This is a partial quote of T 475: 545a17-20.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThat work employs comparable wording in its title and contains many healing visualizations.
“which uses similar language in its title line and presents numerous healing visualisations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe passage rendered here constitutes the entire ninth chapter of the shorter meditation manual.
“The excerpt translated below is the complete ninth chapter of the treatise.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningZhiyi's description of diagnosis by the Four Elements is incomplete and not entirely correct.
“Zhiyi's account of Four Element diagnosis is neither complete nor wholly accurate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe passage rendered here comes from a meditation manual attributed to the Chinese monk Zhiyi, who lived from 538 to 597.
“This translation is an excerpt from a meditation treatise by one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history, the Chinese scholar-monk Zhiyi (538-597).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The translation below is an excerpt from a meditation treatise by one of the most important figures in East Asian Buddhist history, the Chinese scholarmonk Zhiyi 智顗 (538-597).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Swanson 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationZhiyi worked to systematize and domesticate Buddhist knowledge.
“Zhiyi was notable as a systematizer and domesticator of Buddhist knowledge”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Zhiyi, was notable as a systematizer and domesticator of Buddhist knowledge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Swanson 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe conclusion is that either the three texts are corrupt or Zhiyi misunderstood a fundamental Indian medical teaching.
“we must conclude either that all three texts are corrupted or that Zhiyi was misinformed about this very basic Indian medical doctrine.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThe chapter stands as a major expression of a distinctive medieval Chinese Buddhist view of healing.
“one of the most important expressions of a unique medieval Chinese Buddhist perspective on healing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationZhiyi was especially known for his works on śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation.
“particularly for his writings on śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“Among his more well-known contributions are his writings on śamatha 止 and vipaśyanā 觀 meditation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Swanson 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe translator adopted Sekiguchi's edition as the basis for the rendering.
“I have chosen to follow Sekiguchi's version for the translation below.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Cites
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Unschuld, P. U. (2003) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/california/9780520233225.001.0001 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Healing and restoring: health and medicine in the world's religious traditions
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Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China
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Self-citationMixing Metaphors: Translating the Indian Medical Doctrine Tridoa in Chinese Buddhist Sources
Salguero, C. P. (2010) · Asian Medicine · doi:10.1163/157342110x606860 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSalguero, C. P. (2013) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Dharmamitra, 2008, The Essentials of Buddhist Meditation: A Classic Śamatha-Vipaśyanā Meditation Manual: The Essentials for Practicing Calming-and-Insight & Dhyāna Meditation, by the Great Tiantai Meditation Master & Exegete: Śramaṇa Zhiyi (Chih-I) (538–597 CE)
- Birnbaum, 1989, ‘Chinese Buddhist Traditions of Healing and the Life Cycle’, 33
- Chen, 2013, Zhonggu yiliao yu wailai wenhua 中古醫療與外來文化
- Demiéville, 1985, Buddhism and Healing: Demiéville’s Article ‘Byō’ from Hōbōgirin
- Griffiths, 1981, ‘Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists’, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 4, 17
- Lu, 1964, The Secrets of Chinese Meditation: Self-Cultivation by Mind Control as Taught in the Ch’an, Mahāyāna and Taoist Schools in China
- Sekiguchi, 1954, Tendai shōshikan no kenkyō 天台小止観研究
- Swanson, 1997, ‘What’s Going on Here? Chih-i’s Use (and Abuse) of Scripture’, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 20, 1
- Swanson, 1999, ‘Dry Dust, Hazy Images, and Missing Pieces: Reflections on Translating Religious Texts’, Nanzan Bulletin, 23, 29
- Yamano, 1985, ‘Tendai Chigi no igaku shisō josetsu 天台智顗医学思想序説’, Shinshū Sōgō Kenkyūjo kenkyū kiyō 真宗総合研究所研究紀要, 3, 115
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Buddhism & Medicine in East Asian History
Salguero, C. P. (2014) · Religion Compass · doi:10.1111/rec3.12113 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationMedicine - Religion - Spirituality
(2018) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839445822 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Medicine - Religion - Spirituality
Lüddeckens, D., & Schrimpf, M. (2018) · Religionswissenschaft · doi:10.14361/9783839445822 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Therapeutic exercise in the medical practice of Sui China (581–618 CE)
Yang, D. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203740262-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zeugin, B., Lüddeckens, D., & Schrimpf, M. (2018) · Religionswissenschaft · doi:10.14361/9783839445822-008
Hara Tanzan and the Japanese Buddhist Discovery of “Experience”
Licha, S. K. (2020) · Journal of Religion in Japan · doi:10.1163/22118349-20200001
Sørensen, H. H. (2023) · BuddhistRoad paper · doi:10.46586/rub.br.262.239
- Authors
- Salguero, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Salguero, C. Pierce
- ORCID
- Salguero, C. Pierce
- Venue
- Asian Medicine
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2012-01-20
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 461-473
- ISSN
- 1573-420X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-4218
- OpenAlex
- W2009863562
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Asian Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Chinese history and philosophy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Keywords
- Zhiyi, Chinese Buddhism, Buddhist meditation, samatha, seated meditation, Buddhist medicine
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