The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phenotypic, Functional, and Plasticity Features of Classical and Alternatively Activated Human Macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages are dynamic cells that mature under the influence of signals from the local microenvironment into either classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated macrophages with specific functional and phenotypic properties. Although the phenotypic identification of M1 and M2 macrophages is well established in mice, this is less clear for human macrophages. In addition, the persistence and reversibility of polarized human phenotypes is not well established. Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into uncommitted macrophages (M0) and then polarized to M1 and M2 phenotypes using LPS/IFN-γ and IL-4/IL-13, respectively. M1 and M2 were identified as CD64+CD80+ and CD11b+CD209+, respectively, by flow cytometry. Polarized M1 cells secreted IP-10, IFN-γ, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and RANTES, whereas M2 cells secreted IL-13, CCL17, and CCL18. Functionally, M2 cells were highly endocytic. In cytokine-deficient medium, the polarized macrophages reverted back to the M0 state within 12 days. If previously polarized macrophages were given the alternative polarizing stimulus after 6 days of resting in cytokine-deficient medium, a switch in polarization was seen (i.e., M1 macrophages switched to M2 and expressed CD11b+CD209+ and vice versa). In summary, we report phenotypic identification of human M1 and M2 macrophages, their functional characteristics, and their ability to be reprogrammed given the appropriate stimuli.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method
Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262 · Cited by 180,860
Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines
Murray, P. J., Allen, J. E., Biswas, S. K., Fisher, E. A., Gilroy, D. W., Goerdt, S., Gordon, S., Hamilton, J. A., Ivashkiv, L. B., Lawrence, T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008 · Cited by 6,337
Alternative activation of macrophages
Gordon, S. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri978 · Cited by 6,189
Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions
Gordon, S., & Martinez, F. O. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007 · Cited by 4,197
Transcriptome-Based Network Analysis Reveals a Spectrum Model of Human Macrophage Activation
Xue, J., Schmidt, S. V., Sander, J., Draffehn, A., Krebs, W., Quester, I., De Nardo, D., Gohel, T. D., Emde, M., Schmidleithner, L., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.006 · Cited by 2,210
Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S., Locati, M., & Mantovani, A. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7303 · Cited by 2,125
Stein, M., Keshav, S., Harris, N., & Gordon, S. (1992) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.176.1.287 · Cited by 1,960
The many faces of macrophage activation
Mosser, D. M. (2003) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0602325 · Cited by 1,902 · cited 1×
“Although IL-10 is a hallmark M2 cytokine in mouse (45), as we and others have shown that, in human, IL-10 is induced in LPS treated M1 cells (28, 43).”
BackgroundFibrotic disease and the TH1/TH2 paradigm
Wynn, T. A. (2004) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1412 · Cited by 1,765
IRF5 promotes inflammatory macrophage polarization and TH1-TH17 responses
Krausgruber, T., Blazek, K., Smallie, T., Alzabin, S., Lockstone, H., Sahgal, N., Hussell, T., Feldmann, M., & Udalova, I. A. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1990 · Cited by 1,306
Cited by
Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials
Sheikh, Z., Brooks, P., Barzilay, O., Fine, N., & Glogauer, M. (2015) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma8095269 · Cited by 701
Material stiffness influences the polarization state, function and migration mode of macrophages
Sridharan, R., Cavanagh, B., Cameron, A. R., Kelly, D. J., & O'Brien, F. J. (2019) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.048 · Cited by 450
Macrophage and Fibroblast Interactions in Biomaterial‐Mediated Fibrosis
Witherel, C. E., Abebayehu, D., Barker, T. H., & Spiller, K. L. (2019) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201801451 · Cited by 374
The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis
Cui, L.-Y., Chu, S.-F., & Chen, N.-H. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106314 · Cited by 135
Controlled M1-to-M2 transition of aged macrophages by calcium phosphate coatings
Alhamdi, J. R., Peng, T., Al-Naggar, I. M., Hawley, K. L., Spiller, K. L., & Kuhn, L. T. (2019) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.012 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Tarique, A. A., Logan, J., Thomas, E., Holt, P. G., Sly, P. D., & Fantino, E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-11-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 676-688
- ISSN
- 1044-1549 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-4989
- OpenAlex
- W2107551122
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 49
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Phenotypic, Functional, and Plasticity Features of Classical and Alternatively Activated Human Macrophages. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1165/rcmb.2015-0012oc
- The paper
- Tarique, A. A., Logan, J., Thomas, E., Holt, P. G., Sly, P. D., & Fantino, E. (2015). Phenotypic, Functional, and Plasticity Features of Classical and Alternatively Activated Human Macrophages. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2015-0012oc
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
