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Cellulose and Collagen Derived Micro-Nano Structured Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract
Scaffold based bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made great progress in regenerating lost bone tissue. Materials of natural and synthetic origin have been used for scaffold fabrication. Scaffolds derived from natural polymers offer greater bioactivity and biocompatibility with mammalian tissues to favor tissue healing, due to their similarity to native extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Often it is a challenge to fabricate natural polymer based scaffolds for BTE applications without compromising their bioactivity, while maintaining adequate mechanical properties. In this work, we report the fabrication and characterization of cellulose and collagen based micro-nano structured scaffolds using human osteoblasts (HOB) for BTE applications. These porous micro-nano structured scaffolds (average pore diameter 190 +/- 10 microm) exhibited mechanical properties in the mid range of human trabecular bone (compressive modulus 266.75 +/- 33.22 MPa and strength 12.15 3 +/- 2.23 MPa). These scaffolds supported the greater adhesion and phenotype maintenance of cultured HOB as reflected by higher levels of osteogenic enzyme alkaline phosphatase and mineral deposition compared to control polyester micro-nano structured scaffolds of identical pore properties. These natural polymer based micro-nano structured scaffolds may serve as alternatives to polyester based scaffolds for BTE applications.
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“Even though synthetic polymers that are prepared with desired elasticity and molecular weight display promising results, they are found prone to acidic degradation that leads to the liberation of products that harm the tissue healing process [14].”
From Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as scaffold material for bone regeneration. (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
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Nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering application
Mallick, M., Are, R. P., & Babu, A. R. (2025) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100261 · Cited by 1
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Pandey, A., Ali, A., Patra, N. R., & Negi, Y. S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3667-7_10 · Cited by 1
Ren, H., Pan, C., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4053299 · Cited by 1
Guerrero, J. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/893a5b91z18a9z4ae7z9a50z0007a3167f29 · Cited by 1
Pang, J., Jiang, T., Gao, Q., et al. (2021) · International Academic Exchange Conference on Science and Technology Innovation (IAECST) · doi:10.1109/iaecst54258.2021.9695910
Green Methods for the Development of Bone and Tissue Engineering-Based Biomaterials
Hazra, A., Baradwaj, G., Dhanu, A. S., et al. (2023) · Engineering materials · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6698-1_3
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Mishra, S., & Kumarasamy, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91821-3.00020-7
Nanocellulose-based Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Tissue Engineering Applications
Mohan, C. C., Joy, A., Megha, M., et al. (2024) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837673094-00078
Ruslin, M., Stevanie, C., & Tajrin, A. (2026) · Progress in molecular and subcellular biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17771-1_7
Kérourédan, O. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2bf001a8z5248z4047z8568z5d65bcf1cf33
Deshmukh, A. L., Bose, B., & Venkatesan, J. (2026) · International Journal of Polymeric Materials · doi:10.1080/00914037.2026.2674605
“[31] A recent study reported that nanofibrous collagen scaffolds possess similar physical and mechanical properties to those of normal tissue and can be used as wound dressings.”
Bayer, I. S. (2026) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym18161986
“Antimicrobial & wound care 6 (Table 5) Oregano/CNC [76], Cinnamon/CNC [77], BC/thyme [96], Tea tree/CNF [97], Thyme threshold [75], Hemostasis [95] [48] https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18161986 Commercialization &translation 5 (Table 8) CNC benchmarking [23], LPMO manufacturing [24], CA waste…”
InfluentialZhou, J., Gao, Y., Hong, H., Tang, L., Zhai, Y., Wang, M., & Xie, Z. (2026) · Chinese Herbal Medicines · doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2026.09.002
De, S., Mandal, B., Mukhopadhyay, S., Das, A., Banerjee, S., Bose, S., Nayak, A., & Banerjee, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-41493-0.00025-8
Metadata
- Authors
- Aravamudhan, A., Ramos, D. M., Nip, J., Harmon, M. D., James, R., Deng, M., Laurencin, C. T., Yu, X., & Kumbar, S. G.
- Affiliations
- UConn Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology
- Publisher
- American Scientific Publishers
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 719-731
- ISSN
- 1550-7033 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967212772
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Keywords
- bone tissue engineering, cellulose, collagen, human osteoblasts, osteogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase, mineral deposition, porous scaffolds, compressive modulus, extracellular matrix mimicry
- MeSH terms
- Alkaline Phosphatase, Bone and Bones, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Cellulose, Collagen, Humans, Microspheres, Minerals, Osteoblasts, Particle Size, Solvents, Porosity, Compressive Strength, Tissue Engineering, Cell Proliferation, Tissue Scaffolds, Nanofibers
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