CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 6Liver physiology and pathologyLiver Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentDrug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection

Live-cell imaging of human liver fibrosis using hepatic micro-organoids

Open access
Guan, Yuan, Fang, Zhuoqing, Hu, Angelina, Roberts, Sarah, Wang, Meiyue, Ren, Wenlong, Johansson, Patrik K., Heilshorn, Sarah C. +2 more·2025·JCI Insight
DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.187099PMC PMC11790020
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Due to the limitations of available in vitro systems and animal models, we lack a detailed understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of and have minimal treatment options for liver fibrosis. Therefore, we engineered a live-cell imaging system that assessed fibrosis in a human multilineage hepatic organoid in a microwell (i.e., microHOs). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TGFB converted mesenchymal cells in microHOs into myofibroblast-like cells resembling those in fibrotic human liver tissue. When pro-fibrotic intracellular signaling pathways were examined, the antifibrotic effect of receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors was limited to the fibrosis induced by the corresponding growth factor, which indicates their antifibrotic efficacy would be limited to fibrotic diseases solely mediated by that growth factor. Based upon transcriptomic and transcription factor activation analyses in microHOs, glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p38 MAPK inhibitors were identified as potential new broad-spectrum therapies for liver fibrosis. Other new therapies could subsequently be identified using the microHO system.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1172/jci.insight.187099

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Day 21 or around this timepoint has been identified as an important stage for liver organoid functional development in several previous studies.

    “It is also noteworthy that Day 21, or around this timepoint, has been identified as an important stage for liver organoid functional development in several previous studies13,15,28,29.”

    From ​Temporal proteomic profiling of iPSC-derived human liver organoids reveals optimal maturation for drug metabolism and toxicology (2026) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Results section (“A high-content screening system”) calls day-21 organoids mature and reports receptor expression at that timepoint, supporting a connection between day 21 and organoid maturation. It does not identify day 21 as an important stage specifically for functional development; its day-21 evidence concerns receptor expression. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 80

  1. [1]Iyer SN et al Effects of pirfenidone on transforming growth factor-beta gene expression at the transcriptional level in bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999 291 1 367 373 10490926
  2. [2]Pinzani M Luong TV Pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018 1864 4 pt b 1279 1283 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.026 28754450 · DOI
  3. [3]Pinzani M Pathophysiology of liver fibrosis Dig Dis 2015 33 4 492 497 10.1159/000374096 26159264 · DOI
  4. [5]Tsuchida T Friedman SL Mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017 14 7 397 411 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.38 28487545 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [6]Yin C et al Hepatic stellate cells in liver development, regeneration, and cancer J Clin Invest 2013 123 5 1902 1910 10.1172/JCI66369 23635788 PMC3635734 · DOI · Paper page
  6. [7]Zhang DY et al A hepatic stellate cell gene expression signature associated with outcomes in hepatitis C cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection Gut 2016 65 10 1754 1764 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309655 26045137 PMC4848165 · DOI
  7. [9]Mehal WZ et al Scraping fibrosis: expressway to the core of fibrosis Nat Med 2011 17 5 552 553 10.1038/nm0511-552 21546973 PMC3219752 · DOI
  8. [12]Hernandez-Gea V Friedman SL Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis Annu Rev Pathol 2011 6 425 456 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130246 21073339 · DOI · Paper page
  9. [13]Schmid-Burgk JL et al CRISPaint allows modular base-specific gene tagging using a ligase-4-dependent mechanism Nat Commun 2016 7 12338 10.1038/ncomms12338 27465542 PMC4974478 · DOI
  10. [15]Deniset-Besseau A et al Measurement of the second-order hyperpolarizability of the collagen triple helix and determination of its physical origin J Phys Chem B 2009 113 40 13437 13445 10.1021/jp9046837 19754079 · DOI
  11. [16]Sun W et al Nonlinear optical microscopy: use of second harmonic generation and two-photon microscopy for automated quantitative liver fibrosis studies J Biomed Opt 2008 13 6 064010 10.1117/1.3041159 19123657 · DOI
  12. [17]Gailhouste L et al Fibrillar collagen scoring by second harmonic microscopy: a new tool in the assessment of liver fibrosis J Hepatol 2010 52 3 398 406 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.12.009 20149472 · DOI
  13. [18]Yamauchi M Sricholpech M Lysine post-translational modifications of collagen Essays Biochem 2012 52 113 133 10.1042/bse0520113 22708567 PMC3499978 · DOI
  14. [19]Laping NJ et al Inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced extracellular matrix with a novel inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity: SB-431542 Mol Pharmacol 2002 62 1 58 64 10.1124/mol.62.1.58 12065755 · DOI
  15. [20]Inman GJ et al SB-431542 is a potent and specific inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta superfamily type I activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7 Mol Pharmacol 2002 62 1 65 74 10.1124/mol.62.1.65 12065756 · DOI
  16. [21]Tojo M et al The ALK-5 inhibitor A-83-01 inhibits Smad signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by transforming growth factor-beta Cancer Sci 2005 96 11 791 800 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00103.x 16271073 PMC11159601 · DOI
  17. [22]Breedveld P et al The effect of Bcrp1 (Abcg2) on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec): implications for the use of breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein inhibitors to enable the brain penetration of imatinib in patients Cancer Res 2005 65 7 2577 2582 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2416 15805252 · DOI
  18. [24]Paquissi FC Immunity and fibrogenesis: the role of Th17/IL-17 Axis in HBV and HCV-induced chronic hepatitis and progression to cirrhosis Front Immunol 2017 8 1195 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01195 29033929 PMC5626935 · DOI
  19. [25]Marvie P et al Interleukin-33 overexpression is associated with liver fibrosis in mice and humans J Cell Mol Med 2010 14 6b 1726 1739 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00801.x 19508382 PMC3829034 · DOI · Paper page
  20. [26]Tan Z et al Interleukin-33 drives hepatic fibrosis through activation of hepatic stellate cells Cell Mol Immunol 2018 15 4 388 398 10.1038/cmi.2016.63 28194023 PMC6052839 · DOI
  21. [27]Lu S et al Tumor necrosis factor-α signaling in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and targeted therapies J Genet Genomics 2022 49 4 269 278 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.09.009 34757037 · DOI
  22. [29]Mariotti V et al New insights on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in biliary pathophysiology JHEP Rep 2021 3 3 100251 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100251 34151244 PMC8189933 · DOI
  23. [30]Xu L et al CC chemokine ligand 3 deficiency ameliorates diet-induced steatohepatitis by regulating liver macrophage recruitment and M1/M2 status in mice Metabolism 2021 125 154914 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154914 34656648 · DOI
  24. [31]Choi SS et al The role of Hedgehog signaling in fibrogenic liver repair Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011 43 2 238 244 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.10.015 21056686 PMC3022074 · DOI
  25. [32]Syn WK et al Hedgehog-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrogenic repair in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gastroenterology 2009 137 4 1478 1488 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.051 19577569 PMC2757536 · DOI
  26. [33]Chen JK et al Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling by direct binding of cyclopamine to Smoothened Genes Dev 2002 16 21 2743 2748 10.1101/gad.1025302 12414725 PMC187469 · DOI
  27. [34]Taipale J et al Effects of oncogenic mutations in Smoothened and Patched can be reversed by cyclopamine Nature 2000 406 6799 1005 1009 10.1038/35023008 10984056 · DOI
  28. [35]Chen JK et al Small molecule modulation of Smoothened activity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 99 22 14071 14076 10.1073/pnas.182542899 12391318 PMC137838 · DOI
  29. [36]Levy MT et al Intrahepatic expression of the hepatic stellate cell marker fibroblast activation protein correlates with the degree of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infection Liver 2002 22 2 93 101 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01503.x 12028401 · DOI
  30. [37]Gorrell MD et al Intrahepatic expression of collagen and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in hepatitis C virus infection Adv Exp Med Biol 2003 524 235 243 10.1007/0-306-47920-6_28 12675244 · DOI
  31. [38]Lay AJ et al Fibroblast activation protein in liver fibrosis Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2019 24 1 1 17 10.2741/4706 30468644 · DOI
  32. [40]Mangiola S et al sccomp: Robust differential composition and variability analysis for single-cell data Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023 120 33 e2203828120 10.1073/pnas.2203828120 37549298 PMC10438834 · DOI
  33. [41]Bergen V et al Generalizing RNA velocity to transient cell states through dynamical modeling Nat Biotechnol 2020 38 12 1408 1414 10.1038/s41587-020-0591-3 32747759 · DOI · Paper page
  34. [42]Kang M, et al. Mapping single-cell developmental potential in health and disease with interpretable deep learning [preprint]. 10.1101/2024.03.19.585637 Posted on bioRxiv March 21, 2024 · DOI
  35. [44]Jin S et al Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat Nat Commun 2021 12 1 1088 10.1038/s41467-021-21246-9 33597522 PMC7889871 · DOI · Paper page
  36. [45]Badia IMP et al decoupleR: ensemble of computational methods to infer biological activities from omics data Bioinform Adv 2022 2 1 vbac016 10.1093/bioadv/vbac016 36699385 PMC9710656 · DOI
  37. [46]Frangogiannis N Transforming growth factor-β in tissue fibrosis J Exp Med 2020 217 3 e20190103 10.1084/jem.20190103 32997468 PMC7062524 · DOI
  38. [47]Zhang YE Non-smad signaling pathways of the TGF-β family Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017 9 2 a022129 10.1101/cshperspect.a022129 27864313 PMC5287080 · DOI
  39. [48]Budi EH et al Transforming growth factor-β receptors and smads: regulatory complexity and functional versatility Trends Cell Biol 2017 27 9 658 672 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.04.005 28552280 · DOI
  40. [49]Vignais ML Gilman M Distinct mechanisms of activation of Stat1 and Stat3 by platelet-derived growth factor receptor in a cell-free system Mol Cell Biol 1999 19 5 3727 3735 10.1128/MCB.19.5.3727 10207096 PMC84192 · DOI
  41. [50]Ying HZ et al PDGF signaling pathway in hepatic fibrosis pathogenesis and therapeutics (Review) Mol Med Rep 2017 16 6 7879 7889 10.3892/mmr.2017.7641 28983598 PMC5779870 · DOI
  42. [51]Budi EH et al TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities J Pathol 2021 254 4 358 373 10.1002/path.5680 33834494 · DOI
  43. [52]Razmara M et al Platelet-derived growth factor-induced Akt phosphorylation requires mTOR/Rictor and phospholipase C-γ1, whereas S6 phosphorylation depends on mTOR/Raptor and phospholipase D Cell Commun Signal 2013 11 1 3 10.1186/1478-811X-11-3 23311350 PMC3560233 · DOI
  44. [53]Pan S et al Platelet-derived PDGF promotes the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma by upregulating MMP2/MMP9 expression and inducing EMT via the p38/MAPK signalling pathway Am J Transl Res 2020 12 7 3577 3595 32774720 PMC7407735
  45. [54]Frantz B et al The activation state of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase determines the efficiency of ATP competition for pyridinylimidazole inhibitor binding Biochemistry 1998 37 39 13846 13853 10.1021/bi980832y 9753474 · DOI
  46. [55]Finnerty JP et al Efficacy of antifibrotic drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, in treatment of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in both idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and non-IPF: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Pulm Med 2021 21 1 411 10.1186/s12890-021-01783-1 34895203 PMC8666028 · DOI
  47. [58]Flaherty KR et al Nintedanib in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases N Engl J Med 2019 381 18 1718 1727 10.1056/NEJMoa1908681 31566307 · DOI · Paper page
  48. [59]Richeldi L et al Efficacy of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis N Engl J Med 2011 365 12 1079 1087 10.1056/NEJMoa1103690 21992121 · DOI · Paper page
  49. [60]Lancaster LH et al Pirfenidone safety and adverse event management in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Eur Respir Rev 2017 26 146 170057 10.1183/16000617.0057-2017 29212837 PMC9488585 · DOI · Paper page
  50. [61]Costabel U et al An open-label study of the long-term safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (RECAP) Respiration 2017 94 5 408 415 10.1159/000479976 28898890 · DOI
  51. [62]Wollin L et al Antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib in experimental models of lung fibrosis J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014 349 2 209 220 10.1124/jpet.113.208223 24556663 · DOI · Paper page
  52. [63]Lin X et al Effects of pirfenidone on proliferation, migration, and collagen contraction of human Tenon’s fibroblasts in vitro Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009 50 8 3763 3770 10.1167/iovs.08-2815 19264889 · DOI
  53. [64]Hilberg F et al BIBF 1120: triple angiokinase inhibitor with sustained receptor blockade and good antitumor efficacy Cancer Res 2008 68 12 4774 4782 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6307 18559524 · DOI · Paper page
  54. [66]Perugorria MJ et al Wnt-β-catenin signalling in liver development, health and disease Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019 16 2 121 136 10.1038/s41575-018-0075-9 30451972 · DOI
  55. [67]Tian L et al Wnt signaling in biliary development, proliferation, and fibrosis Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022 247 4 360 367 10.1177/15353702211061376 34861115 PMC8899336 · DOI
  56. [68]MacDonald BT et al Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases Dev Cell 2009 17 1 9 26 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.016 19619488 PMC2861485 · DOI · Paper page
  57. [69]Nusse R Clevers H Wnt/β-catenin signaling, disease, and emerging therapeutic modalities Cell 2017 169 6 985 999 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.016 28575679 · DOI · Paper page
  58. [70]Sato N et al Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor Nat Med 2004 10 1 55 63 10.1038/nm979 14702635 · DOI
  59. [71]Decker M et al Leptin-receptor-expressing bone marrow stromal cells are myofibroblasts in primary myelofibrosis Nat Cell Biol 2017 19 6 677 688 10.1038/ncb3530 28481328 PMC5801040 · DOI
  60. [73]Yingling JM et al Preclinical assessment of galunisertib (LY2157299 monohydrate), a first-in-class transforming growth factor-β receptor type I inhibitor Oncotarget 2018 9 6 6659 6677 10.18632/oncotarget.23795 29467918 PMC5805504 · DOI · Paper page
  61. [74]Dadrich M et al Combined inhibition of TGFβ and PDGF signaling attenuates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis Oncoimmunology 2016 5 5 e1123366 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1123366 27467922 PMC4910723 · DOI
  62. [75]Ahlqvist E et al Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018 6 5 361 369 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30051-2 29503172 · DOI · Paper page
  63. [76]Perreault L et al Novel therapies with precision mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021 17 6 364 377 10.1038/s41574-021-00489-y 33948015 · DOI
  64. [77]Zeggini E et al Translational genomics and precision medicine: Moving from the lab to the clinic Science 2019 365 6460 1409 1413 10.1126/science.aax4588 31604268 · DOI
  65. [78]Zhuang S et al Inhibition of GSK-3β induces AP-1-mediated osteopontin expression to promote cholestatic liver fibrosis FASEB J 2018 32 8 4494 4503 10.1096/fj.201701137R 29529390 · DOI
  66. [79]Pradhan-Sundd T et al Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a protective role in the mdr2 knockout murine model of cholestatic liver disease Hepatology 2020 71 5 1732 1749 10.1002/hep.30927 31489648 PMC7058521 · DOI
  67. [80]Thompson MD et al β-Catenin regulation of farnesoid X receptor signaling and bile acid metabolism during murine cholestasis Hepatology 2018 67 3 955 971 10.1002/hep.29371 28714273 PMC5771988 · DOI
  68. [81]Prakash J et al Intracellular delivery of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB202190 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole] in renal tubular cells: a novel strategy to treat renal fibrosis J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006 319 1 8 19 10.1124/jpet.106.106054 16807361 · DOI
  69. [82]Nassar K et al A p38 MAPK inhibitor improves outcome after glaucoma filtration surgery J Glaucoma 2015 24 2 165 178 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000201 25493622 · DOI
  70. [83]Guo X et al Inhibition of human corneal myofibroblast formation Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018 59 8 3511 3520 10.1167/iovs.18-24239 30025094 PMC6044211 · DOI
  71. [84]Guan Y Peltz G Hepatic organoids move from adolescence to maturity Liver Int 2024 44 6 120 1297 10.1111/liv.15893 38451053 · DOI
  72. [85]Hildebrand T Ruegsegger P A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images J Microsc 1996 185 67 75 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1997.1340694.x · DOI
  73. [86]Arganda-Carreras I et al Trainable Weka Segmentation: a machine learning tool for microscopy pixel classification Bioinformatics 2017 33 15 2424 2426 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx180 28369169 · DOI
  74. [87]Schindelin J et al Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis Nat Methods 2012 9 7 676 682 10.1038/nmeth.2019 22743772 PMC3855844 · DOI · Paper page
  75. [88]Butler A et al Integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across different conditions, technologies, and species Nat Biotechnol 2018 36 5 411 420 10.1038/nbt.4096 29608179 PMC6700744 · DOI · Paper page
  76. [89]Wu T et al clusterProfiler 4.0: A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data Innovation (Camb) 2021 2 3 100141 34557778 PMC8454663
  77. [90]Ramachandran P et al Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level Nature 2019 575 7783 512 518 10.1038/s41586-019-1631-3 31597160 PMC6876711 · DOI · Paper page
  78. [91]Hao Y et al Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis Nat Biotechnol 2023 42 2 293 304 10.1038/s41587-023-01767-y 37231261 PMC10928517 · DOI · Paper page
  79. [92]Jin S et al CellChat for systematic analysis of cell-cell communication from single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomics [published online September 16, 2024]. Nat Protoc 10.1038/s41596-024-01045-4 39289562 · DOI · Paper page
  80. [93]Muller-Dott S et al Expanding the coverage of regulons from high-confidence prior knowledge for accurate estimation of transcription factor activities Nucleic Acids Res 2023 51 20 10934 10949 10.1093/nar/gkad841 37843125 PMC10639077 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Guan, Y., Fang, Z., Hu, A., Roberts, S., Wang, M., Ren, W., Johansson, P. K., Heilshorn, S. C., Enejder, A., & Peltz, G.
Affiliations
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author
Peltz, Gary
ORCID
Venue
JCI Insight
Publisher
American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published
2024-12-10
Volume
10
Issue
2
ISSN
2379-3708 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1172/jci.insight.187099
PMC
PMC11790020
OpenAlex
W4405236007
Cited by
6
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2
FWCI
1.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • JCI Insight (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • NIH Office of the Director (1R56DK129309A1)
  • National Science Foundation (CBET 2033302)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Keywords
liver fibrosis, hepatic organoids, live-cell imaging, TGF-beta signaling, myofibroblast differentiation, mesenchymal cells, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, p38 MAPK, antifibrotic therapy, gene expression profiling, transcription factor activation
MeSH terms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta, Humans, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Organoids, Signal Transduction, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Myofibroblasts, Mesenchymal Stem Cells

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review