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Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF.
Open accessAbstract
Apoptosis in vivo is followed almost inevitably by rapid uptake into adjacent phagocytic cells, a critical process in tissue remodeling, regulation of the immune response, or resolution of inflammation. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages has been suggested to be a quiet process that does not lead to production of inflammatory mediators. Here we show that phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (in contrast to immunoglobulin G-opsonized apoptotic cells) actively inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as leukotriene C4 and thromboxane B2, by human monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast, production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, prostaglandin E2, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) was increased. The latter appeared to be involved in the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production because addition of exogenous TGF-beta1, prostaglandin E2, or PAF resulted in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine production. Furthermore, anti-TGF-beta antibody, indomethacin, or PAF receptor antagonists restored cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages that had phagocytosed apoptotic cells. These results suggest that binding and/or phagocytosis of apoptotic cells induces active antiinflammatory or suppressive properties in human macrophages. Therefore, it is likely that resolution of inflammation depends not only on the removal of apoptotic cells but on active suppression of inflammatory mediator production. Disorders in either could result in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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“Some of the more common cytokines used in biomaterial‐based research involves the proinflammatory IFN‐γ or IL‐4, which are important effectors in steering the macrophage phenotypes.[ 103 , 232 , 233 , 234 ]”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [234]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, phagocytosis of neutrophils is also a central element to induce the phenotype switch of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 to a reparative M2 phenotype [73].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“2-AG increases the number of phagocytosing macrophages, which leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TGF-β1 and decreased output of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α by macrophages [73].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Their apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages (efferocytosis) provides a key signal to the local immune milieu, including macrophages, to transition to an anti-inflammatory, pro-repair state”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“In physiologic wound repair, neutrophils undergo apoptosis after carrying out their various functions at the site of injury. Local macrophage uptake of apoptotic neutrophils then triggers a transition out of inflammatory phase [47–49].”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Macrophages in the wound site are responsible for phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, a process known as efferocytosis [73••]. This action itself induces macrophages to transition from a pro-inflammatory phenotype, to an anti-inflammatory phenotype”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
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BackgroundSelf-citationTreatment with annexin V increases immunogenicity of apoptotic human T-cells in Balb/c mice
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“However, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of apoptotic cells on monocytes/macrophages usually dominate, for instance through the interaction of apoptotic cells with CD36 on phagocytes via thrombospondin.(14,15) Lectin-like molecules, the vitronectin receptor (CD51/ CD61), thrombospondin, CD36,(5) as well…”
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Macrophages orchestrate the immune response to tumor cell death.
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Defining the Microglia Response during the Time Course of Chronic Neurodegeneration
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Regulation of Fibrosis by the Immune System
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Apoptotic Cells Induce Tolerance by Generating Helpless CD8+ T Cells That Produce TRAIL
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“Fadok et al. (1998) demonstrated that phagocytosis of apoptotic human neutrophils by macrophages triggers the production of TGF-b1 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).”
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“In macrophages, apoptotic cell uptake prevents the release of phlogistic agents such as eicosanoids or pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (Voll et al. 1997, Fadok et al. 1998, Mai-Lan et al. 2002).”
Apoptotic cells suppress mast cell inflammatory responses via the CD300a immunoreceptor
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Apoptosis: Getting rid of the bodies
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Self-citationTargeting TGFβR2‐mutant tumors exposes vulnerabilities to stromal TGFβ blockade in pancreatic cancer
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“TGFb also promotes tumor immune evasion by inducing an immunosuppressive phenotype in myeloid cells and T cells (Fadok et al, 1998; Thomas & Massague, 2005; Principe et al, 2016).”
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Delineating the roles of neutrophils and macrophages in zebrafish regeneration models
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Human monocyte‐derived macrophages spontaneously differentiated in vitro show distinct phenotypes
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“The binding, uptake, and clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, is a silent process in that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators is prevented (Fadok et al., 1998).”
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“apoptotic cells by phagocytes inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.([45,46]) In contrast, phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cells has been reported to be pro-inflammatory,([46,47]) an example of which is the”
BackgroundEfferocytosis of apoptotic alveolar epithelial cells is sufficient to initiate lung fibrosis
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Oncolytic Viruses as Anticancer Vaccines
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“This process is usually accompanied by release of antiinflammatory cytokines to minimize immune-mediated collateral damage (20).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fadok, V. A., Bratton, D. L., Konowal, A., Freed, P. W., Westcott, J. Y., & Henson, P. M.
- Affiliations
- National Jewish Health (US)
- ORCID
- Henson, P M
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1998-02-15
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 890-898
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC508637
- OpenAlex
- W2095537212
- Semantic Scholar
- 3e88d8a52759097d481b92ec0d06606afbadafab
- Cited by
- 3,166
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 29.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL34303, P01HL034303)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM48211, R01GM048211)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, macrophages, inflammation resolution, anti-inflammatory macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β1, prostaglandin E2, platelet-activating factor, autocrine and paracrine signaling, neutrophil apoptosis, monocyte-derived macrophages, indomethacin, PAF receptor antagonists
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Platelet Activating Factor, Solubility, Thromboxane B2, Dinoprostone, Cytokines, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Apoptosis, Leukotriene C4, Jurkat Cells
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