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Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF.
Open accessAbstract
Apoptosis in vivo is followed almost inevitably by rapid uptake into adjacent phagocytic cells, a critical process in tissue remodeling, regulation of the immune response, or resolution of inflammation. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages has been suggested to be a quiet process that does not lead to production of inflammatory mediators. Here we show that phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (in contrast to immunoglobulin G-opsonized apoptotic cells) actively inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as leukotriene C4 and thromboxane B2, by human monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast, production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, prostaglandin E2, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) was increased. The latter appeared to be involved in the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production because addition of exogenous TGF-beta1, prostaglandin E2, or PAF resulted in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine production. Furthermore, anti-TGF-beta antibody, indomethacin, or PAF receptor antagonists restored cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages that had phagocytosed apoptotic cells. These results suggest that binding and/or phagocytosis of apoptotic cells induces active antiinflammatory or suppressive properties in human macrophages. Therefore, it is likely that resolution of inflammation depends not only on the removal of apoptotic cells but on active suppression of inflammatory mediator production. Disorders in either could result in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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“Some of the more common cytokines used in biomaterial‐based research involves the proinflammatory IFN‐γ or IL‐4, which are important effectors in steering the macrophage phenotypes.[ 103 , 232 , 233 , 234 ]”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [234]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, phagocytosis of neutrophils is also a central element to induce the phenotype switch of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 to a reparative M2 phenotype [73].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“2-AG increases the number of phagocytosing macrophages, which leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TGF-β1 and decreased output of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α by macrophages [73].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Their apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages (efferocytosis) provides a key signal to the local immune milieu, including macrophages, to transition to an anti-inflammatory, pro-repair state”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“In physiologic wound repair, neutrophils undergo apoptosis after carrying out their various functions at the site of injury. Local macrophage uptake of apoptotic neutrophils then triggers a transition out of inflammatory phase [47–49].”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Macrophages in the wound site are responsible for phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, a process known as efferocytosis [73••]. This action itself induces macrophages to transition from a pro-inflammatory phenotype, to an anti-inflammatory phenotype”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fadok, V. A., Bratton, D. L., Konowal, A., Freed, P. W., Westcott, J. Y., & Henson, P. M.
- Affiliations
- National Jewish Health (US)
- ORCID
- Henson, P M
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1998-02-15
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 890-898
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC508637
- OpenAlex
- W2095537212
- Semantic Scholar
- 3e88d8a52759097d481b92ec0d06606afbadafab
- Cited by
- 3,166
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 29.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL34303, P01HL034303)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM48211, R01GM048211)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, macrophages, inflammation resolution, anti-inflammatory macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β1, prostaglandin E2, platelet-activating factor, autocrine and paracrine signaling, neutrophil apoptosis, monocyte-derived macrophages, indomethacin, PAF receptor antagonists
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Platelet Activating Factor, Solubility, Thromboxane B2, Dinoprostone, Cytokines, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Apoptosis, Leukotriene C4, Jurkat Cells
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