Cited by 139SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchImmune responses and vaccinationsCOVID-19 Clinical Research Studies

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First-dose mRNA vaccination is sufficient to reactivate immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19

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Mazzoni, Alessio, Di Lauria, Nicoletta, Maggi, Laura, Salvati, Lorenzo, Vanni, Anna, Capone, Manuela, Lamacchia, Giulia, Mantengoli, Elisabetta, Spinicci, Michele, Zammarchi, Lorenzo, Kiros, Seble Tekle, Rocca, Arianna, Lagi, Filippo, Colao, Maria Grazia, Parronchi, Paola, Scaletti, Cristina, Turco, Lucia, Liotta, Francesco, Rossolini, Gian Maria, Cosmi, Lorenzo, Bartoloni, Alessandro, Annunziato, Francesco·2021·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci149150PMC PMC8203460

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Abstract

The characterization of the adaptive immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in individuals who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection may define current and future clinical practice. To determine the effect of the 2-dose BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination schedule in individuals who recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19-recovered subjects) compared with naive subjects, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T and B cell responses, as well as specific IgA, IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies titers in 22 individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, 11 of whom had a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evaluations were performed before vaccination and then weekly until 7 days after second injection. Data obtained clearly showed that one vaccine dose is sufficient to increase both cellular and humoral immune response in COVID-19-recovered subjects without any additional improvement after the second dose. On the contrary, the second dose proved mandatory in naive subjects to further enhance the immune response. These findings were further confirmed at the serological level in a larger cohort of naive (n = 68) and COVID-19-recovered (n = 29) subjects, tested up to 50 days after vaccination. These results question whether a second vaccine injection in COVID-19-recovered subjects is required, and indicate that millions of vaccine doses may be redirected to naive individuals, thus shortening the time to reach herd immunity.

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Authors: Mazzoni, A., Di Lauria, N., Maggi, L., Salvati, L., Vanni, A., Capone, M., Lamacchia, G., Mantengoli, E., Spinicci, M., Zammarchi, L., Kiros, S. T., Rocca, A., Lagi, F., Colao, M. G., Parronchi, P., Scaletti, C., Turco, L., Liotta, F., Rossolini, G. M., Cosmi, L., Bartoloni, A., & Annunziato, F.
Affiliations: University of Florence (IT)
Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (IT)
Corresponding author: Annunziato, Francesco
ORCID: Mazzoni, Alessio
Maggi, Laura
Salvati, Lorenzo
Vanni, Anna
Capone, Manuela
Lamacchia, Giulia
Mantengoli, Elisabetta
Spinicci, Michele
Zammarchi, Lorenzo
Kiros, Seble Tekle
Rocca, Arianna
Lagi, Filippo
Parronchi, Paola
Scaletti, Cristina
Liotta, Francesco
Cosmi, Lorenzo
Bartoloni, Alessandro
Annunziato, Francesco
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2021-06-15
Volume: 131
Issue: 12
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
1558-8238
DOI: 10.1172/jci149150
PMC: PMC8203460
OpenAlex: W3133819496
Cited by: 139
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 45
FWCI: 9.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: University of Florence (RICTD2122)
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (Excellence Departments 2018-2022)
Regione Toscana (TagSARS CoV 2)
Ministero della Salute (COVID-2020-12371849)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination, BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 recovery, first-dose vaccination, immunological memory, spike-specific T cells, B cells, neutralizing antibodies, antibody titers, vaccine dose optimization, herd immunity
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Male, Middle Aged, Immunity, Humoral, Antibodies, Neutralizing

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First-dose mRNA vaccination is sufficient to reactivate immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19

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