Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells will likely prove critical for long-term immune protection against COVID-19. Here, we systematically mapped the functional and phenotypic landscape of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in unexposed individuals, exposed family members, and individuals with acute or convalescent COVID-19. Acute-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells displayed a highly activated cytotoxic phenotype that correlated with various clinical markers of disease severity, whereas convalescent-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were polyfunctional and displayed a stem-like memory phenotype. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detectable in antibody-seronegative exposed family members and convalescent individuals with a history of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19. Our collective dataset shows that SARS-CoV-2 elicits broadly directed and functionally replete memory T cell responses, suggesting that natural exposure or infection may prevent recurrent episodes of severe COVID-19.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This cross-reactivity largely originates from previous exposure to circulating common cold coronaviruses.
“This cross-reactivity largely originates from previous exposure to circulating common cold coronaviruses [110-116].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [113]
The Discussion (page not provided) says the detected cross-reactive T-cell responses most likely reflect exposure to seasonal coronaviruses. It also says that a fraction of the response was likely induced by those viruses; it does not establish that cross-reactivity largely originates from that exposure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLymphocytes from 20% to 50% of unexposed donors display significant reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 Ag peptide pools.
“lymphocytes from 20% to 50% of unexposed donors display significant reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 Ag peptide pools (Figure 6).”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [113]
A vast majority of responding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells displayed an activated/cycling (CD38+ HLA-DR+ Ki67+ PD-1+) phenotype.
“A vast majority of responding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells displayed an activated/cycling (CD38+ HLA-DR+ Ki67+ PD-1+) phenotype [113]”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [113]
SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells were detected in convalescent patients, even in exposed individuals who are seronegative.
“and SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells were detected in convalescent patients, even in exposed individuals who are seronegative.30, 31”
From Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
Virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, including memory CD8+ cells, persist in recovered COVID-19 patients, but their protective role against reinfection or severe disease is unclear.
“Virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, including CD8+ memory T cells, are present in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 (refs44,45), but their importance in protection against future infection and/or severe disease remain uncertain44,46–48.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
VAERD has generally not occurred when a Th1-biased CD4+ response, marked by increased IFNγ, IL-2, and TNF, is induced.
“By contrast, VAERD has not usually occurred if a TH1 cell-biased CD4+ T cell response is elicited, reflected by increased levels of interferon-γ (IFNγ), IL-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)44–46,49.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are significantly associated with milder COVID-19 disease.
“Studies of acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients have observed that SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are significantly associated with milder disease (Liao et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020b), suggesting that T cell responses may be important for control and resolution of a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Sekine et al., 2020
Circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells are less consistently observed than CD4+ T cells.
“Overall, circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells are less consistently observed than CD4+ T cells (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Sekine et al., 2020
SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells from patients consistently do not have Th2 characteristics.
“Last, there were initially great concerns about potential immune deviation to Th2 and immunopathogenesis (Peeples, 2020), but SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells from patients consistently do not have Th2 characteristics (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Sekine et al., 2020
CD4+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are more prominent than CD8+ T cell responses.
“CD4+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are more prominent than CD8+ T cell responses (Grifoni et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020) and have been associated with control of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Sekine et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884 · see citing works
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246 · see citing works
Self-citationThe third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3).
Singer, M., Deutschman, C. S., Seymour, C. W., Shankar-Hari, M., Annane, D., Bauer, M., Bellomo, R., Bernard, G. R., Chiche, J.-D., Coopersmith, C. M., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287 · Cited by 28,250 · see citing works
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016 · see citing works
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., Hohmann, E., Chu, H. Y., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2007764 · Cited by 7,267 · see citing works
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19
He, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., Deng, X., Wang, J., Hao, X., Lau, Y. C., Wong, J. Y., Guan, Y., Tan, X., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5 · Cited by 4,242 · see citing works
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595 · see citing works
Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections
Long, Q.-X., Tang, X.-J., Shi, Q.-L., Li, Q., Deng, H.-J., Yuan, J., Hu, J.-L., Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Lv, F.-J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6 · Cited by 2,686 · see citing works
Reynisson, B., Alvarez, B., Paul, S., Peters, B., & Nielsen, M. (2020) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa379 · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z · Cited by 1,887 · see citing works
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent Individuals
Robbiani, D. F., Gaebler, C., Muecksch, F., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Wang, Z., Cho, A., Agudelo, M., Barnes, C. O., Gazumyan, A., Finkin, S., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2456-9 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
HIV nonprogressors preferentially maintain highly functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells
Betts, M. R. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-12-4818 · Cited by 1,829 · see citing works
Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients
Zheng, M., Gao, Y., Wang, G., Song, G., Liu, S., Sun, D., Xu, Y., & Tian, Z. (2020) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0402-2 · Cited by 1,768 · see citing works
Liu, J., Li, S., Liu, J., Liang, B., Wang, X., Wang, H., Li, W., Tong, Q., Yi, J., Zhao, L., et al. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19
Wilk, A. J., Rustagi, A., Zhao, N. Q., Roque, J., Martínez-Colón, G. J., McKechnie, J. L., Ivison, G. T., Ranganath, T., Vergara, R., Hollis, T., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0944-y · Cited by 1,493 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19
Braun, J., Loyal, L., Frentsch, M., Wendisch, D., Georg, P., Kurth, F., Hippenstiel, S., Dingeldey, M., Kruse, B., Fauchere, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans
Mateus, J., Grifoni, A., Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Burger, Z. C., Rawlings, S. A., Smith, D. M., Phillips, E., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd3871 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection
Wang, C., Li, W., Drabek, D., Okba, N. M. A., van Haperen, R., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., van Kuppeveld, F. J. M., Haagmans, B. L., Grosveld, F. G., & Bosch, B. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16256-y · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals
Ni, L., Ye, F., Cheng, M., Yu, F., Deng, Y., Zhao, H. J., Peng, W., Ge, J., Gou, M., Li, X., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.023 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Rapid Decay of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19
Ibarrondo, F. J., Fulcher, J. A., Goodman-Meza, D., Elliott, J., Hofmann, C., Hausner, M. A., Ferbas, K. G., Tobin, N. H., Aldrovandi, G. M., & Yang, O. O. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2025179 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Thevarajan, I., Nguyen, T. H. O., Koutsakos, M., Druce, J. D., Caly, L., van de Sandt, C. E., Jia, X., Nicholson, S. R., Catton, M. C., Cowie, B., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0819-2 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Wilkinson, T. M., Li, C. K. F., Chui, C. S. C., Huang, A. K. Y., Perkins, M., Liebner, J. C., Lambkin-Williams, R., Gilbert, A., Oxford, J., Nicholas, B., et al. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2612 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Zheng, H.-Y., Zhang, M., Yang, C.-X., Zhang, N., Wang, X.-C., Yang, X.-P., Dong, X.-Q., & Zheng, Y.-T. (2020) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0401-3 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 — Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020
Wei, W. E., Li, Z., Chiew, C. J., Yong, S. E. F., Toh, M. P. H., & Lee, V. J. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e1 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza
Sridhar, S., Begom, S., Bermingham, A., Hoschler, K., Adamson, W., Carman, W., Bean, T., Barclay, W., Deeks, J. J., & Lalvani, A. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3350 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques
Chandrashekar, A., Liu, J., Martinot, A. J., McMahan, K., Mercado, N. B., Peter, L., Tostanoski, L. H., Yu, J., Maliga, Z., Nekorchuk, M., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc4776 · Cited by 816 · cited 3× · see citing works
“(Chandrashekar et al., 2020), and similarly, there is limited evidence of reinfection in humans with previously documented COVID-19 (Kirkcaldy et al.”
False Negative Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Challenges and Implications
Woloshin, S., Patel, N. G., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2015897 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Human Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cell Responses to Smallpox and Yellow Fever Vaccines
Miller, J. D., van der Most, R. G., Akondy, R. S., Glidewell, J. T., Albott, S., Masopust, D., Murali-Krishna, K., Mahar, P. L., Edupuganti, S., Lalor, S., et al. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man
Callow, K. A., Parry, H. F., Sergeant, M., & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1990) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268800048019 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
T Cell Responses to Whole SARS Coronavirus in Humans
Li, C. K., Wu, H., Yan, H., Ma, S., Wang, L., Zhang, M., Tang, X., Temperton, N. J., Weiss, R. A., Brenchley, J. M., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5490 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Airway Memory CD4+ T Cells Mediate Protective Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Coronaviruses
Zhao, J., Zhao, J., Mangalam, A. K., Channappanavar, R., Fett, C., Meyerholz, D. K., Agnihothram, S., Baric, R. S., David, C. S., & Perlman, S. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.006 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Tang, F., Quan, Y., Xin, Z.-T., Wrammert, J., Ma, M.-J., Lv, H., Wang, T.-B., Yang, H., Richardus, J. H., Liu, W., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903490 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Precopio, M., Betts, M. R., Parrino, J., Price, D. A., Emma Gostick, D., Ambrozak, D. R., Asher, T. E., Douek, D. C., Harari, A., Pantaleo, G., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20062363 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationHumoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19
Juno, J. A., Tan, H.-X., Lee, W. S., Reynaldi, A., Kelly, H. G., Wragg, K., Esterbauer, R., Kent, H. E., Batten, C. J., Mordant, F. L., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Channappanavar, R., Fett, C., Zhao, J., Meyerholz, D. K., & Perlman, S. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01505-14 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Price, D. A., Brenchley, J. M., Ruff, L. E., Betts, M. R., Hill, B. J., Roederer, M., Koup, R. A., Migueles, S. A., Emma Gostick, D., Wooldridge, L., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20051357 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-citationSeydoux, E., Homad, L. J., MacCamy, A. J., Parks, K. R., Hurlburt, N. K., Jennewein, M. F., Akins, N. R., Stuart, A. B., Wan, Y.-H., Feng, J., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.001 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Recovery from the Middle East respiratory syndrome is associated with antibody and T cell responses
Zhao, J., Alshukairi, A. N., Baharoon, S. A., Ahmed, W., Bokhari, A. A., Nehdi, A., Layqah, L. A., Alghamdi, M., Algethamy, M., Dada, A. M., et al. (2017) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aan5393 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
The clinical course and its correlated immune status in COVID-19 pneumonia
He, R., Lu, Z., Zhang, L., Fan, T. T., Xiong, R., Shen, X., Feng, H., Meng, H., Lin, W., Jiang, W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104361 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Postinfection Immunity
Kirkcaldy, R. D., King, B. A., & Brooks, J. T. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.7869 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Human cytotoxic T-cell memory: long-lived responses to vaccinia virus
Demkowicz, W. E., Littaua, R. A., Wang, J., & Ennis, F. A. (1996) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.70.4.2627-2631.1996 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Fuertes Marraco, S. A., Soneson, C., Cagnon, L., Gannon, P. O., Allard, M., Maillard, S. A., Montandon, N., Rufer, N., Waldvogel, S., Delorenzi, M., et al. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3700 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Yang, R., Gui, X., & Xiong, Y. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10182 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Buggert, M., Nguyen, S., de Oca, G. S. M., Bengsch, B., Darko, S. W., Ransier, A., Roberts, E. R., Alcazar, D. D., Brody, I. B., Vella, L. A., et al. (2018) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aar4526 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, H., Kim, Y., Kim, G., Lee, J. Y., Jeong, I., Joh, J.-S., Kim, H., Chang, E., Sim, S. Y., Park, J.-S., et al. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy595 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Antibody Response and Disease Severity in Healthcare Worker MERS Survivors
Alshukairi, A. N., Khalid, I., Ahmed, W., Dada, A. M., Bayumi, D. T., Malic, L. S., Althawadi, S., Ignacio, K. H., Alsalmi, H., Al-Abdely, H. M., et al. (2016) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2206.160010 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent IndividualsPreprint
Robbiani, D. F., Gaebler, C., Muecksch, F., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.092619 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Yang, L., Peng, H., Zhu, Z.-L., Li, G., Huang, Z., Zhao, Z., Koup, R. A., Bailer, R. T., & Wu, C. Y. (2006) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2006.05.002 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Blom, K. G., Braun, M., Ivarsson, M. A., Gonzalez, V. D., Falconer, K., Moll, M., Ljunggren, H., Michaëlsson, J., & Sandberg, J. K. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202234 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationLoss of T cell responses following long-term cryopreservation
Owen, R. E., Sinclair, E., Emu, B., Heitman, J. W., Hirschkorn, D. F., Epling, C. L., Tan, Q. X., Custer, B., Harris, J. M., Jacobson, M. Z., et al. (2007) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2007.07.012 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Diagnostic performances and thresholds: The key to harmonization in serological SARS-CoV-2 assays?
Plebani, M., Padoan, A., Negrini, D., Carpinteri, B., & Sciacovelli, L. (2020) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.050 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Has Sweden’s controversial covid-19 strategy been successful?
Habib, H. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2376 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccines: neutralizing antibodies and the alum advantage
Hotez, P. J., Corry, D. B., Strych, U., & Bottazzi, M. E. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0358-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Will antibody tests for the coronavirus really change everything?
Mallapaty, S. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01115-z · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Characterization of neutralizing antibodies from a SARS-CoV-2 infected individualPreprint
Seydoux, E., Homad, L. J., MacCamy, A. J., Parks, K. R., Hurlburt, N. K., Jennewein, M. F., Akins, N. R., Stuart, A. B., Wan, Y.-H., Feng, J., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091298 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Buggert, M., Norström, M. M., Salemi, M., Hecht, F. M., & Karlsson, A. C. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302253 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Folegatti, P. M., Ewer, K. J., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Becker, S., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Bellamy, D., Bibi, S., Bittaye, M., Clutterbuck, E. A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4 · Cited by 2,419 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Seow, J., Graham, C., Merrick, B., Acors, S., Pickering, S., Steel, K. J. A., Hemmings, O., O’Byrne, A., Kouphou, N., Galao, R. P., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00813-8 · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Peng, Y., Mentzer, A. J., Liu, G., Yao, X., Yin, Z., Dong, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Rostron, T., Supasa, P., Liu, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2
Moss, P. A. H. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01122-w · Cited by 1,205 · see citing works
Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Corbett, K. S., Flynn, B., Foulds, K. E., Francica, J. R., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Werner, A. P., Flach, B., O’Connell, S., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2024671 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Sun, L., Su, Y., Jiao, A., Wang, X., & Zhang, B. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19
Dai, L., & Gao, G. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00480-0 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis
Laing, A. G., Lorenc, A., del Molino del Barrio, I., Das, A., Fish, M., Monin, L., Muñoz-Ruiz, M., McKenzie, D. R., Hayday, T. S., Francos-Quijorna, I., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1038-6 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
COVID-19 immune features revealed by a large-scale single-cell transcriptome atlas
Ren, X., Wen, W., Fan, X., Hou, W., Su, B., Cai, P., Li, J., Liu, Y., Tang, F., Zhang, F., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.053 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2021) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.20.265892 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates
Kyriakidis, N. C., López‐Cortés, A., Vásconez-González, J., Barreto, A., & Ortiz‐Prado, E. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies
Lee, W. S., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & DeKosky, B. J. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.029 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Hodgson, S. H., Mansatta, K., Mallett, G., Harris, V., Emary, K. R. W., & Pollard, A. J. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30773-8 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Ewer, K., Barrett, J. R., Belij‐Rammerstorfer, S., Sharpe, H., Makinson, R., Morter, R., Flaxman, A. L., Wright, D., Bellamy, D. G., Bittaye, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01194-5 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Imbalance of Regulatory and Cytotoxic SARS-CoV-2-Reactive CD4+ T Cells in COVID-19
Meckiff, B. J., Ramírez-Suástegui, C., Fajardo, V., Chee, S., Kusnadi, A., Simon, H. A., Eschweiler, S., Grifoni, A., Pelosi, E., Weiskopf, D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.001 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates
Poland, G., Ovsyannikova, I., & Kennedy, R. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32137-1 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans
Sadarangani, M., Marchant, A., & Kollmann, T. R. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00578-z · Cited by 560 · see citing works
COVID-19 herd immunity: where are we?
Fontanet, A. L., & Cauchemez, S. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00451-5 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Kidd, C. K., Dan, J. M., Ramirez, S. I., Yu, E. D., Mateus, J., da Silva Antunes, R., Moore, E., Rubiro, P., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100204 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Weisberg, S. P., Connors, T. J., Zhu, Y., Baldwin, M. R., Lin, W.-H. W., Wontakal, S. N., Szabo, P. A., Wells, S. B., Dogra, P., Gray, J. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-00826-9 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Abrignani, S., Addo, R., Akdis, M., Andrä, I., Andreata, F., Annunziato, F., Arranz, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202170126 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
CD8+ T cells contribute to survival in patients with COVID-19 and hematologic cancer
Bange, E. M., Han, N. A., Wileyto, P., Kim, J. Y., Gouma, S., Robinson, J., Greenplate, A. R., Hwee, M. A., Porterfield, F., Owoyemi, O., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01386-7 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and phenotypes of a new disease entity
Osuchowski, M., Winkler, M., Skirecki, T., Cajander, S., Shankar-Hari, M., Lachmann, G., Monneret, G., Venet, F., Bauer, M., Brunkhorst, F., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00218-6 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Apostolidis, S. A., Kakara, M., Painter, M. M., Goel, R. R., Mathew, D., Lenzi, K., Rezk, A., Patterson, K. R., Espinoza, D. A., Kadri, J. C., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01507-2 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity
Maucourant, C., Filipovic, I., Ponzetta, A., Aleman, S., Cornillet, M., Hertwig, L., Strunz, B., Lentini, A., Reinius, B., Brownlie, D., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6832 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Self-citationThe first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights
Carvalho, T., Krammer, F., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00522-1 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Yang, S., Li, Y., Dai, L., Wang, J., He, P., Li, C., Fang, X. D., Wang, C., Zhao, X., Huang, E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00127-4 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Ancestral SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells cross-recognize the Omicron variant
Gao, Y., Cai, C., Grifoni, A., Müller, T. R., Niessl, J., Olofsson, A., Humbert, M., Hansson, L., Österborg, A., Bergman, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01700-x · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, M. H., Zhang, S., Porritt, R. A., Rivas, M. N., Paschold, L., Willscher, E., Binder, M., Arditi, M., & Bahar, İ. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2010722117 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Pre-existing polymerase-specific T cells expand in abortive seronegative SARS-CoV-2
Swadling, L., Diniz, M. O., Schmidt, N. M., Amin, O. E., Chandran, A., Shaw, E., Pade, C., Gibbons, J. M., Bert, N. L., Tan, A. T., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04186-8 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Ella, R., Reddy, S., Jogdand, H., Sarangi, V., Ganneru, B., Prasad, S. D., Das, D., Raju, D., Praturi, U., Sapkal, G. N., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00070-0 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Characterization of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells
Schulien, I., Kemming, J. S., Oberhardt, V., Wild, K., Seidel, L. M., Killmer, S., Sagar, Daul, F., Lago, M. S., Decker, A., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01143-2 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citationT cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review
Shrotri, M., van Schalkwyk, M. C. I., Post, N., Eddy, D., Huntley, C., Leeman, D., Rigby, S., Williams, S., Bermingham, W., Kellam, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245532 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development
Li, Y., Tenchov, R., Smoot, J., Liu, C., Watkins, S., & Zhou, Q. A. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Maturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response
Sokal, A., Chappert, P., Barba-Spaeth, G., Roeser, A., Fourati, S., Azzaoui, I., Vandenberghe, A., Fernandez, I., Meola, A., Bouvier-Alias, M., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.050 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Epidemiological and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome
Keddie, S., Pakpoor, J., Mousele, C., Pipis, M., Machado, P., Foster, M., Record, C. J., Keh, R. Y. S., Fehmi, J., Paterson, R. W., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa433 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Le Bert, N., Clapham, H. E., Tan, A. T., Chia, W. N., Tham, C. Y. L., Lim, J. M., Kunasegaran, K., Tan, L. W. L., Dutertre, C.-A., Shankar, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20202617 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Ripperger, T. J., Uhrlaub, J. L., Watanabe, M., Wong, R., Castaneda, Y., Pizzato, H. A., Thompson, M. R., Bradshaw, C. M., Weinkauf, C. C., Bime, C., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.004 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Seroprevalence of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors
Uyoga, S., Adetifa, I. M. O., Karanja, H. K., Nyagwange, J., Tuju, J., Wanjiku, P., Aman, R., Mwangangi, M., Amoth, P., Kasera, K., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1916 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“…the same time, these observations have provoked a lively debate on alternative mechanisms of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 including cell-mediated immunity 33-35 and the role of pre-existing HCoV-elicited immunity 27 28 as well as the function and duration of antibody responses following infection 13…”
BackgroundSchwabenland, M., Salié, H., Tanevski, J., Killmer, S., Lago, M. S., Schlaak, A. E., Mayer, L., Matschke, J., Püschel, K., Fitzek, A., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.002 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Ferretti, A. P., Kula, T., Wang, Y., Nguyen, D. M. V., Weinheimer, A., Dunlap, G. S., Xu, Q., Nabilsi, N., Perullo, C. R., Cristofaro, A. W., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.006 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Barrett, J. R., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Dold, C., Ewer, K. J., Folegatti, P. M., Gilbride, C., Halkerston, R., Hill, J., Jenkin, D., Stockdale, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01179-4 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19
Grifoni, A., Sidney, J., Vita, R., Peters, B., Crotty, S., Weiskopf, D., & Sette, A. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Bacher, P., Rosati, E., Esser, D., Martini, G. R., Saggau, C., Schiminsky, E., Dargvainiene, J., Schröder, I., Wieters, I., Khodamoradi, Y., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.016 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Muecksch, F., Wise, H., Batchelor, B., Squires, M., Semple, E., Richardson, C., McGuire, J., Clearly, S., Furrie, E., Greig, N., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa659 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Kundu, R., Narean, J. S., Wang, L., Fenn, J., Pillay, T. D., Derqui, N., Conibear, E., Koycheva, A., Davies, M., Tolosa-Wright, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27674-x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Hartley, G. E., Edwards, E. S. J., Aui, P. M., Varese, N., Stojanovic, S., McMahon, J., Peleg, A. Y., Boo, I., Drummer, H. E., Hogarth, P. M., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf8891 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Correlates of protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease
Goldblatt, D., Alter, G., Crotty, S., & Plotkin, S. A. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13091 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Cross-reactive CD4 + T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination
Loyal, L., Braun, J., Henze, L., Kruse, B., Dingeldey, M., Reimer, U., Kern, F., Schwarz, T., Mangold, M., Unger, C., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abh1823 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection
Ryan, F. J., Hope, C. M., Masavuli, M. G., Lynn, M. A., Mekonnen, Z. A., Yeow, A. E. L., García-Valtanen, P., Al-Delfi, Z., Gummow, J., Ferguson, C. C., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02228-6 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Song, G., He, W.-T., Callaghan, S., Anzanello, F., Huang, D.-L., Ricketts, J., Torres, J., Beutler, N., Peng, L., Vargas, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23074-3 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13089 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Tebas, P., Yang, S., Boyer, J., Reuschel, E. L., Patel, A. R., Christensen-Quick, A., Andrade, V. M., Morrow, M. P., Kraynyak, K. A., Agnes, J. T., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100689 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections: Overview of Efficacy and Duration of Natural and Hybrid Immunity
Pilz, S., Theiler‐Schwetz, V., Trummer, C., Krause, R. G. E., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.112911 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Lipsitch, M., Grad, Y. H., Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Gallais, F., Velay, A., Wendling, M.-J., Nazon, C., Partisani, M., Sibilia, J., Candon, S., & Fafi‐Kremer, S. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2701.203611 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2–specific CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals
Kared, H., Redd, A. D., Bloch, E. M., Bonny, T. S., Sumatoh, H., Kairi, F., Carbajo, D., Abel, B., Newell, E. W., Bettinotti, M. P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci145476 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Gallo, O., Locatello, L. G., Mazzoni, A., Novelli, L., & Annunziato, F. (2020) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity: Specificity, function, durability, and role in protection
Altmann, D., & Boyton, R. (2020) · Science immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6160 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Sattler, A., Schrezenmeier, E. V., Weber, U., Potekhin, A., Bachmann, F., Straub-Hohenbleicher, H., Budde, K., Storz, E., Proß, V., Bergmann, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci150175 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Peluso, M. J., Deitchman, A. N., Torres, L., Iyer, N. S., Munter, S. E., Nixon, C. C., Donatelli, J. L., Thanh, C., Takahashi, S., Hakim, J. M. C., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109518 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, X., Chen, Z., Azman, A. S., Deng, X., Sun, R., Zhao, Z., Zheng, N., Chen, X., Lu, W., Zhuang, T., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00026-7 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Vogel, T., Top, K., Karatzios, C., Hilmers, D. C., Tapia, L., Moceri, P., Giovannini-Chami, L., Wood, N., Chandler, R., Klein, N. P., et al. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.054 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Immune responses to two and three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in adults with solid tumors
Shroff, R. T., Chalasani, P., Wei, R., Pennington, D., Quirk, G., Schoenle, M. V., Peyton, K. L., Uhrlaub, J. L., Ripperger, T. J., Jergović, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01542-z · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Kusnadi, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C., Fajardo, V., Chee, S., Meckiff, B. J., Simon, H. A., Pelosi, E., Seumois, G., Ay, F., Vijayanand, P., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe4782 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
T cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is preserved in most but not all individuals
Naranbhai, V., Nathan, A., Kaseke, C., Berrios, C., Khatri, A., Choi, S., Getz, M. A., Tano-Menka, R., Ofoman, O., Gayton, A. C., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.029 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Jung, J. H., Rha, M., Sa, M., Choi, H. K., Jeon, J. H., Seok, H., Park, D. W., Park, S., Jeong, H. W., Choi, W. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24377-1 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Tregoning, J. S., Brown, E. S., Cheeseman, H. M., Flight, K. E., Higham, S. L., Lemm, N.-M., Pierce, B. F., Stirling, D. C., Wang, Z., & Pollock, K. M. (2020) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13517 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Epitopes Are Recognized by a Public and Diverse Repertoire of Human T Cell Receptors
Shomuradova, A. S., Vagida, M. S., Sheetikov, S. A., Zornikova, K. V., Kiryukhin, D. O., Titov, A., Peshkova, I. O., Khmelevskaya, A. A., Dianov, D. V., Malasheva, M., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.004 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Saini, S. K., Hersby, D. S., Tamhane, T., Povlsen, H. R., Hernandez, S. P. A., Nielsen, M., Gang, A. O., & Hadrup, S. R. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7550 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationBNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype
Guerrera, G., Picozza, M., D’Orso, S., Placido, R., Pirronello, M., Verdiani, A., Termine, A., Fabrizio, C., Giannessi, F., Sambucci, M., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5344 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A common allele of HLA is associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Augusto, D. G., Murdolo, L. D., Chatzileontiadou, D. S. M., Sabatino, J. J., Yusufali, T., Peyser, N. D., Butcher, X., Kizer, K., Guthrie, K., Murray, V., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06331-x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Rha, M., Jeong, H. W., Ko, J. H., Choi, S. J., Seo, I., Lee, J. S., Sa, M., Kim, A. R., Joo, E., Ahn, J. Y., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Facial Masking for Covid-19 — Potential for “Variolation” as We Await a Vaccine
Gandhi, M., & Rutherford, G. W. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2026913 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Vella, L. A., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Diorio, C. J., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Alanio, C., Pampena, M. B., Wu, J. E., Chen, Z., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7570 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Chi, W.-Y., Li, Y.-D., Huang, H., Chan, T. E. H., Chow, S.-Y., Su, J.-H., Ferrall, L., Hung, C., & Wu, T. ‐. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
MAIT cell activation and dynamics associated with COVID-19 disease severity
Parrot, T., Gorin, J., Ponzetta, A., Maleki, K. T., Kammann, T., Emgård, J., Perez‐Potti, A., Sekine, T., Rivera‐Ballesteros, O., the Karolinska COVID-19 Study Group, et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe1670 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationGlynne, P. A., Tahmasebi, N., Gant, V. A., & Gupta, R. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2021-002051 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 immunopathology – Current perspectives
Boechat, J. L., Chora, I., Morais, A., & Delgado, L. (2021) · Pulmonology · doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.03.008 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure history shapes phenotypes and specificity of memory CD8+ T cells
Minervina, A. A., Pogorelyy, M. V., Kirk, A. M., Crawford, J. C., Allen, E. K., Chou, C., Mettelman, R. C., Allison, K., Lin, C.-Y., Brice, D. C., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01184-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Snyder, T. M., Gittelman, R. M., Klinger, M., May, D., Osborne, E. J., Taniguchi, R. T., Zahid, H. J., Kaplan, I. M., Dines, J. N., Noakes, M. T., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1488860 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
T‐cell responses and therapies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Toor, S. M., Saleh, R., Nair, V. S., Taha, R. Z., & Elkord, E. (2020) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13262 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Riou, C., Bruyn, E. D., Stek, C. J., Daroowala, R., Goliath, R. T., Abrahams, F., Said-Hartley, Q., Allwood, B., Hsiao, M., Wilkinson, K. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci149125 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Mathematical Models for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis
Adiga, A., Dubhashi, D., Lewis, B. L., MARATHE, M. V., Venkatramanan, S., & Vullikanti, A. K. S. (2020) · Journal of the Indian Institute of Science · doi:10.1007/s41745-020-00200-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Moor, M. B., Suter‐Riniker, F., Horn, M. P., Aeberli, D., Amsler, J., Möller, B., Njue, L. M., Medri, C., Angelillo‐Scherrer, A., Borradori, L., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00251-4 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Wong, L.-Y. R., & Perlman, S. M. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00656-2 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19
Rha, M., & Shin, E. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccine-readiness for anti-CD20-depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases
Baker, D., Roberts, C. A. K., Pryce, G., Kang, A. S., Marta, M., Reyes, S., Schmierer, K., Giovannoni, G., & Amor, S. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13495 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Discordant neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infection
Reynolds, C. J., Swadling, L., Gibbons, J. M., Pade, C., Jensen, M. P., Diniz, M. O., Schmidt, N. M., Butler, D. K., Amin, O. E., Bailey, S. N. L., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf3698 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Global perspective of COVID‐19 epidemiology for a full‐cycle pandemic
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13423 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Nolan, S., Vignali, M., Klinger, M., Dines, J. N., Kaplan, I. M., Svejnoha, E., Craft, T., Boland, K., Pesesky, M. W., Gittelman, R. M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1488851 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2
Israelow, B., Mao, T., Klein, J., Song, E., Menasche, B., Omer, S. B., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl4509 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2
Israelow, B., Mao, T., Klein, J., Song, E., Menasche, B., Omer, S. B., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444825 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Sherina, N., Piralla, A., Du, L.-K., Wan, H., Kumagai-Braesch, M., Andréll, J., Braesch-Andersen, S., Cassaniti, I., Percivalle, E., Sarasini, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2021.02.001 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Sulaiman, I., Chung, M. C., Angel, L. F., Tsay, J.-C. J., Wu, B. G., Yeung, S. T., Krolikowski, K., Li, Y., Duerr, R., Schluger, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00961-5 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Immune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants: What Have We Learnt So Far?
Lazarević, I., Pravica, V., Miljanovic, D., & Cupic, M. D. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13071192 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The humoral response and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Qi, H., Liu, B., Wang, X.-Q., & Zhang, L.-Q. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01248-5 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sekine, T., Perez-Potti, A., Rivera-Ballesteros, O., Strålin, K., Gorin, J.-B., Olsson, A., Llewellyn-Lacey, S., Kamal, H., Bogdanovic, G., Muschiol, S., Wullimann, D. J., Kammann, T., Emgård, J., Parrot, T., Folkesson, E., Akber, M., Berglin, L., Bergsten, H., Brighenti, S., Brownlie, D., Butrym, M., Chambers, B., Chen, P., Jeannin, M. C., Grip, J., Gomez, A. C., Dillner, L., Lozano, I. D., Dzidic, M., Tullberg, M. F., Färnert, A., Glans, H., Haroun-Izquierdo, A., Henriksson, E., Hertwig, L., Kalsum, S., Kokkinou, E., Kvedaraite, E., Loreti, M., Lourda, M., Maleki, K., Malmberg, K.-J., Marquardt, N., Maucourant, C., Michaelsson, J., Mjösberg, J., Moll, K., Muva, J., Mårtensson, J., Nauclér, P., Norrby-Teglund, A., Medina, L. P., Persson, B., Radler, L., Ringqvist, E., Sandberg, J. T., Sohlberg, E., Soini, T., Svensson, M., Tynell, J., Varnaite, R., Kries, A. V., Unge, C., Rooyackers, O., Eriksson, L. I., Henter, J.-I., Sönnerborg, A., Allander, T., Albert, J., Nielsen, M., Klingström, J., Gredmark-Russ, S., Björkström, N. K., Sandberg, J. K., Price, D. A., Ljunggren, H.-G., Aleman, S., & Buggert, M.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- National University of General San Martín (AR)
- University Hospital of Wales (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Buggert, Marcus
- ORCID
- Sekine, Takuya
- Strålin, Kristoffer
- Gorin, Jean-Baptiste
- Kamal, Habiba
- Wullimann, David J.
- Kammann, Tobias
- Parrot, Tiphaine
- Folkesson, Elin
- Bergsten, Helena
- Brighenti, Susanna
- Brownlie, Demi
- Butrym, Marta
- Chambers, Benedict
- Chen, Puran
- Grip, Jonathan
- Dillner, Lena
- Dzidic, Majda
- Färnert, Anna
- Glans, Hedvig
- Haroun-Izquierdo, Alvaro
- Hertwig, Laura
- Kalsum, Sadaf
- Kokkinou, Efthymia
- Kvedaraite, Egle
- Maleki, Kimia
- Malmberg, Karl-Johan
- Marquardt, Nicole
- Maucourant, Christopher
- Mjösberg, Jenny
- Mårtensson, Johan
- Nauclér, Pontus
- Ringqvist, Emma
- Sandberg, John Tyler
- Sohlberg, Ebba
- Soini, Tea
- Svensson, Mattias
- Tynell, Janne
- Kries, Andreas Von
- Rooyackers, Olav
- Henter, Jan-Inge
- Sönnerborg, Anders
- Albert, Jan
- Nielsen, Morten
- Klingström, Jonas
- Björkström, Niklas K.
- Sandberg, Johan K.
- Price, David A.
- Ljunggren, Hans-Gustaf
- Aleman, Soo
- Buggert, Marcus
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 183
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 158-168.e14
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7427556
- OpenAlex
- W3048775784
- Cited by
- 1,788
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 150 · 2023: 221 · 2022: 424 · 2021: 624 · 2020: 220
- FWCI
- 48.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- RIUCAM (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Barncancerfonden
- Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning
- Jeanssons Stiftelser
- National Institutes of Health
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Karolinska Institutet
- Cancerfonden
- Åke Wiberg Stiftelse
- Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse
- Stiftelsen Clas Groschinskys Minnesfond
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, T cell immunity, memory T cells, convalescent patients, asymptomatic infection, mild COVID-19, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, T cell polyfunctionality, family exposure, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Antibodies, Viral, Convalescence, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, T-Lymphocytes, Coronavirus Infections, Asymptomatic Infections, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
