The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chloroquine reduces osteoclastogenesis in murine osteoporosis by preventing TRAF3 degradation
Open accessAbstract
The cytokines RANKL and TNF activate NF-κB signaling in osteoclast precursors (OCPs) to induce osteoclast (OC) formation. Conversely, TNF can limit OC formation through NF-κB p100, which acts as an inhibitor, and TNF receptor-associated receptor 3 (TRAF3); however, a role for TRAF3 in RANKL-mediated OC formation is unknown. We found that TRAF3 limits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Conditional OC-specific Traf3-KO (cKO) mice had mild osteoporosis and increased OC formation. RANKL induced TRAF3 degradation via the lysosome/autophagy system. The autophagy/lysosome inhibitor chloroquine reduced RANKL-induced OC formation and function by increasing TRAF3 expression in OCPs in vitro and in vivo. Although chloroquine had no effect on basal bone resorption, it inhibited parathyroid hormone- and ovariectomy-induced OC activation in WT, but not cKO, mice. Deletion of the transcription factor gene Relb resulted in increased TRAF3 expression in OCPs, which was associated with decreased RANKL-induced TRAF3 degradation. RelB directly increased expression of BECN1, a key autophagy regulator, by binding to its promoter. These data indicate that autophagic/lysosomal degradation of TRAF3 is an important step in RANKL-induced NF-κB activation in OCPs. Furthermore, treatments that increase TRAF3 levels in OCPs, including pharmacological inhibition of its degradation with compounds such as chloroquine, may limit bone destruction in common bone diseases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“conditional deletion of TRAF3, an inhibitor of the noncanonical pathway, in osteoclast precursors resulted in increased osteoclast formation and bone resorption in mice.171”
From Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence (2022) · cites this paper as [171]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Disease
Levine, B., & Kroemer, G. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.018 · Cited by 7,069
Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density.
Simonet, W. S., Lacey, D. L., Dunstan, C. R., Kelley, M., Chang, M.-S., Lüthy, R., Nguyen, H. Q., Wooden, S., Bennett, L., Boone, T., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80209-3 · Cited by 5,130
Autophagy: process and functionPreprint
Mizushima, N. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1599207 · Cited by 4,104
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
Klionsky, D. J., Abeliovich, H., Agostinis, P., Agrawal, D. K., Aliev, G., Askew, D. S., Baba, M., Baehrecke, E. H., Bahr, B. A., Ballabio, A., et al. (2008) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.5338 · Cited by 2,230
Crosstalk in NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Oeckinghaus, A., Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2065 · Cited by 1,942
Zandi, E., Rothwarf, D. M., Delhase, M., Hayakawa, M., & Karin, M. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80406-7 · Cited by 1,814
Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-κB as the matchmaker
Ben‐Neriah, Y., & Karin, M. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2060 · Cited by 1,412
Activation by IKKα of a Second, Evolutionary Conserved, NF-κB Signaling Pathway
Senftleben, U., Cao, Y., Xiao, G., Greten, F. R., Krähn, G. M., Bonizzi, G., Chen, Y., Hu, Y., Fong, A., Sun, S., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1062677 · Cited by 1,361
Yamamoto, A., Tagawa, Y., Yoshimori, T., Moriyama, Y., Masaki, R., & Tashiro, Y. (1998) · Cell Structure and Function · doi:10.1247/csf.23.33 · Cited by 1,312
TRAF6 is a signal transducer for interleukin-1
Cao, Z., Xiong, J., Takeuchi, M., Kurama, T., & Goeddel, D. V. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383443a0 · Cited by 1,305
Wu, Y.-T., Tan, H.-L., Shui, G., Bauvy, C., Huang, Q., Wenk, M. R., Ong, C.-N., Codogno, P., & Shen, H.-M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.080796 · Cited by 1,127
TRAF2-Mediated Activation of NF-κB by TNF Receptor 2 and CD40
Rothe, M., Sarma, V. J., Dixit, V. M., & Goeddel, D. V. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7544915 · Cited by 1,050
New therapies for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Smolen, J. S., Aletaha, D., Koeller, M., Weisman, M. H., & Emery, P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60784-3 · Cited by 1,002
Requirement for NF-κB in osteoclast and B-cell development
Franzoso, G., Carlson, L., Xing, L., Poljak, L., Shores, E. W., Brown, K. D., Leonardi, A., Tran, T., Boyce, B. F., & Siebenlist, U. (1997) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.11.24.3482 · Cited by 996
Self-citationOsteopetrosis in mice lacking NF-κB1 and NF-κB2
Iotsova, V., Caamaño, J., Loy, J. K., Yang, Y., Lewin, A. C., & Bravo, R. (1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1197-1285 · Cited by 990
Promiscuous Mutations Activate the Noncanonical NF-κB Pathway in Multiple Myeloma
Keats, J. J., Fonseca, R., Chesi, M., Schop, R., Baker, A., Chng, W.-J., Van Wier, S., Tiedemann, R., Shi, C.-X., Sebag, M., et al. (2007) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2007.07.003 · Cited by 983
Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells
Burkly, L. C., Hession, C. A., Ogata, L., Reilly, C. R., Marconi, L. A., Olson, D. L., Tizard, R., Gate, R., & Lo, D. D. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373531a0 · Cited by 781
Osteoclasts: What Do They Do and How Do They Do It?
Teitelbaum, S. L. (2007) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060834 · Cited by 730
RANKL maintains bone homeostasis through c-Fos-dependent induction of interferon-β
Takayanagi, H., Kim, S., Matsuo, K., Suzuki, H. I., Suzuki, T., Sato, K., Yokochi, T., Oda, H., Nakamura, K., Ida, N., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416744a · Cited by 719
Hydroxychloroquine: From Malaria to Autoimmunity
Ben‐Zvi, I., Kivity, S., Langevitz, P., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2011) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8243-x · Cited by 616
Tam, C. S., Heersche, J. N. M., Murray, T. M., & PARSONS, J. A. (1982) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-110-2-506 · Cited by 611
Zarnegar, B. J., Wang, Y., Mahoney, D. J., Dempsey, P. W., Cheung, H. H., He, J., Shiba, T. L., Yang, X., Yeh, W., Mak, T. W., et al. (2008) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1676 · Cited by 607
Vallabhapurapu, S., Matsuzawa, A., Zhang, W., Tseng, P., Keats, J. J., Wang, H., Vignali, D. A. A., Bergsagel, P. L., & Karin, M. (2008) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1678 · Cited by 605
Histone H3 phosphorylation by IKK-α is critical for cytokine-induced gene expression
Yamamoto, Y., Verma, U. N., Prajapati, S., Kwak, Y.-T., & Gaynor, R. B. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01576 · Cited by 577
Ubiquitin: Same Molecule, Different Degradation Pathways
Clague, M. J., & Urbé, S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.012 · Cited by 535
Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy: A Double-Edged Sword of Autophagy
Kimura, T., Takabatake, Y., Takahashi, A., & Isaka, Y. (2013) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2464 · Cited by 506
Autophagy Proteins Regulate the Secretory Component of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption
DeSelm, C. J., Miller, B. C., Zou, W., Beatty, W. L., van Meel, E., Takahata, Y., Klumperman, J., Tooze, S. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., & Virgin, H. W. (2011) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.016 · Cited by 487
Liao, G., Zhang, M., Harhaj, E. W., & Sun, S. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m403286200 · Cited by 480
Expanding TRAF function: TRAF3 as a tri-faced immune regulator
Häcker, H., Tseng, P.-H., & Karin, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2998 · Cited by 471
Involvement of CRAF1, a relative of TRAF, in CD40 signaling
Cheng, G., Cohen, A. C., Ye, Z.-S., Hong, D., Lederman, S. M., & Baltimore, D. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7533327 · Cited by 449
Ma, Y. L., Cain, R. L., Halladay, D. L., Yang, X., Zeng, Q., Miles, R. R., Chandrasekhar, S., Martin, T. J., & Onyia, J. E. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.9.8356 · Cited by 428
NF-κB Activation Represses Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Autophagy
Djavaheri-Mergny, M., Amelotti, M., Mathieu, J., Besançon, F., Bauvy, C., Souquère, S., Pierron, G., & Codogno, P. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m602097200 · Cited by 407
Tseng, P., Matsuzawa, A., Zhang, W., Mino, T., Vignali, D. A. A., & Karin, M. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1819 · Cited by 403
Hock, J. M., & Gera, I. (1992) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650070110 · Cited by 371
RANKL-induced DC-STAMP Is Essential for Osteoclastogenesis
Kukita, T., Wada, N., Kukita, A., Kakimoto, T., Sandra, F., Toh, K., Nagata, K., Iijima, T., Horiuchi, M., Matsusaki, H., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20040518 · Cited by 357
The IKK complex contributes to the induction of autophagy
Criollo, A., Senovilla, L., Authier, H., Maiuri, M. C., Morselli, E., Vitale, I., Kepp, O., Tasdemir, E., Galluzzi, L., Shen, S., et al. (2009) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.364 · Cited by 304
The IκB Function of NF-κB2 p100 Controls Stimulated Osteoclastogenesis
Novack, D., Yin, L., Hagen-Stapleton, A., Schreiber, R. D., Goeddel, D., Ross, F. P., & Teitelbaum, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20030116 · Cited by 275
Yates, A. J., Gutierrez, G. E., Smolens, P., Travis, P. S., Katz, M. S., Aufdemorte, T. B., Boyce, B. F., Hymer, T. K., Poser, J. W., & Mundy, G. R. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113406 · Cited by 268
Self-citationp65/RelA Modulates BECN1 Transcription and Autophagy
Copetti, T., Bertoli, C., Dalla, E., Demarchi, F., & Schneider, C. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01396-08 · Cited by 262
Gardam, S., Sierro, F., Basten, A., Mackay, F., & Brink, R. A. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.01.009 · Cited by 248
Targeted Disruption of TRAF3 Leads to Postnatal Lethality and Defective T-Dependent Immune Responses
Xu, Y., Cheng, G., & Baltimore, D. (1996) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80497-5 · Cited by 243
Deretic, V. P., Jiang, S., & Dupont, N. (2012) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2012.04.008 · Cited by 224
Li, P., Schwarz, E. M., O’Keefe, R. J., Ma, L., Looney, R. J., Ritchlin, C. T., Boyce, B. F., & Xing, L. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.11419 · Cited by 208
Self-citationPositive regulators of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis
Braun, T., & Zwerina, J. (2011) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar3380 · Cited by 208
Tumor necrosis factor‐α/nuclear transcription factor‐κB signaling in periprosthetic osteolysis
Schwarz, E. M., Lu, A. P., Goater, J. J., Benz, E. B., Kollias, G. A., Rosier, R. N., Puzas, J. E., & O’Keefe, R. J. (2000) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100180321 · Cited by 199
Tumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex is autophagy and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)-dependent
Parkhitko, A. A., Myachina, F., Morrison, T. A., Hindi, K. M., Auricchio, N., Karbowniczek, M., Wu, J. J., Finkel, T., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Yu, J. J., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1104361108 · Cited by 193
Peli1 promotes microglia-mediated CNS inflammation by regulating Traf3 degradation
Xiao, Y., Jin, J., Chang, M., Chang, J.-H., Hu, H., Zhou, X., Brittain, G. C., Stansberg, C., Torkildsen, Ø., Wang, X., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3111 · Cited by 184
Control of canonical NF-κB activation through the NIK–IKK complex pathway
Zarnegar, B. J., Yamazaki, S., He, J. Q., & Cheng, G. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707959105 · Cited by 183
Zhao, B., Grimes, S. N., Li, S., Hu, X., & Ivashkiv, L. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20111566 · Cited by 182
Nakhaei, P., Mésplède, T., Solis, M., Sun, Q., Zhao, T., Yang, L., Chuang, T., Ware, C. F., Lin, R., & Hiscott, J. B. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000650 · Cited by 175
Vaira, S., Alhawagri, M., Anwisye, I., Kitaura, H., Faccio, R., & Novack, D. V. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33392 · Cited by 166
Rescue of TRAF3-null mice by p100 NF-κB deficiency
He, J. Q., Zarnegar, B. J., Oganesyan, G., Saha, S. K., Yamazaki, S., Doyle, S. E., Dempsey, P. W., & Cheng, G. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20061166 · Cited by 166
The multifaceted roles of TRAFs in the regulation of B-cell function
Bishop, G. A. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1462 · Cited by 155
Advances in osteoclast biology reveal potential new drug targets and new roles for osteoclasts
Boyce, B. F. (2013) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1885 · Cited by 153
Self-citationNF-κB p100 limits TNF-induced bone resorption in mice by a TRAF3-dependent mechanism
Yao, Z., Xing, L., & Boyce, B. F. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci38716 · Cited by 151
Self-citationRelB is the NF-κB subunit downstream of NIK responsible for osteoclast differentiation
Vaira, S., Johnson, T., Hirbe, A. C., Alhawagri, M., Anwisye, I., Sammut, B., O'Neal, J., Zou, W., Weilbaecher, K. N., Faccio, R., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0708576105 · Cited by 141
Lee, C., Lee, E. Y., Chung, S. M., Mun, S. H., Yoo, B., & Moon, H. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.20637 · Cited by 137
Transcriptional regulation of bone and joint remodeling by NFAT
Sitara, D., & Aliprantis, A. O. (2009) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00849.x · Cited by 120
Zhang, L., Guo, Y.-F., Liu, Y.-Z., Liu, Y.-J., Xiong, D.-H., Liu, X.-G., Wang, L., Yang, T.-L., Lei, S.-F., Guo, Y., et al. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.36 · Cited by 119
Autophagy is required for the activation of NFκB
Criollo, A., Chéreau, F., Malik, S. A., Niso‐Santano, M., Mariño, G., Galluzzi, L., Maiuri, M. C., Baud, V., & Kroemer, G. (2012) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.11.1.18669 · Cited by 108
Specificity of TRAF3 in Its Negative Regulation of the Noncanonical NF-κB Pathway
He, J. Q., Saha, S. K., Kang, J. R., Zarnegar, B. J., & Cheng, G. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m610271200 · Cited by 101
Zhang, Q., Guo, R., Lu, Y., Zhao, L., Zhou, Q., Schwarz, E. M., Huang, J. L., Chen, D., Jin, Z., Boyce, B. F., et al. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m708055200 · Cited by 89
Self-citationTRAF3 Controls Activation of the Canonical and Alternative NFκB by the Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor
Bista, P., Zeng, W., Ryan, S. T., Bailly, V., Browning, J. L., & Lukashev, M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.076091 · Cited by 81
Calvi, L. M., Bromberg, O., Rhee, Y., Weber, J. M., Smith, J. N. P., Basil, M. J., Frisch, B. J., & Bellido, T. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-06-360933 · Cited by 72
Ang, E. S. M., Pavlos, N. J., Rea, S. L., Qi, M., Chai, T., Walsh, J. P., Ratajczak, T., Zheng, M., & Xu, J. (2009) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.21787 · Cited by 69
Dadgostar, H., & Cheng, G. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.38.24775 · Cited by 64
Pharmacogenetics: implications for therapy in rheumatic diseases
Davila, L., & Ranganathan, P. (2011) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.117 · Cited by 63
NIK Stabilization in Osteoclasts Results in Osteoporosis and Enhanced Inflammatory Osteolysis
Yang, C., McCoy, K., Davis, J. L., Schmidt‐Supprian, M., Sasaki, Y., Faccio, R., & Novack, D. V. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015383 · Cited by 48
Ganeff, C., Remouchamps, C., Boutaffala, L., Bénézech, C., Galopin, G., Vandepaer, S., Bouillenne, F., Orménèse, S., Chariot, A., Schneider, P., et al. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.05033-11 · Cited by 47
Lotze, M. T., Maranchie, J. K., & Appleman, L. J. (2013) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0b013e31829da0d6 · Cited by 31
Voronov, I., Ochotny, N., Jaumouillé, V., Owen, C., Manolson, M. F., & Aubin, J. E. (2012) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1727 · Cited by 28
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1210/en.142.9.4047 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The non-canonical NF-κB pathway in immunity and inflammation
Sun, S. (2017) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.52 · Cited by 1,959
Lysosomes as a therapeutic target
Bonam, S. R., Wang, F., & Muller, S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0036-1 · Cited by 786
Biology of the RANKL–RANK–OPG System in Immunity, Bone, and Beyond
Walsh, M. C., & Choi, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00511 · Cited by 599
Osteoimmunology: The conceptual framework unifying the immune and skeletal systems
Okamoto, K., Nakashima, T., Shinohara, M., Negishi-Koga, T., Komatsu, N., Terashima, A., Sawa, S., Nitta, T., & Takayanagi, H. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2016 · Cited by 534
Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence
Bolamperti, S., Villa, I., & Rubinacci, A. (2022) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-022-00219-8 · Cited by 482
Metadata
- Authors
- Xiu, Y., Xu, H., Zhao, C., Li, J., Morita, Y., Yao, Z., Xing, L., & Boyce, B. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boyce, Brendan F.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2013-12-09
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 297-310
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3871219
- OpenAlex
- W2103768376
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Rochester
- Medical Center, University of Rochester
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (P30AR061307, T32AR053459, AR 43510, AR 48697, R01AR048697, R01AR063650, R01AR043510)
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR027340)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
- Keywords
- chloroquine, osteoclastogenesis, TRAF3, RANKL, NF-κB signaling, autophagy, lysosomal degradation, osteoporosis, RelB, Beclin-1, osteoclast precursors, bone resorption, ovariectomy, parathyroid hormone
- MeSH terms
- Beclin-1, Animals, Bone Resorption, Cells, Cultured, Chloroquine, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Lysosomes, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Osteoclasts, Osteoporosis, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, Mice, Knockout, TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Mice, Transcription Factor RelB, RANK Ligand, Proteolysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
