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FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction
Open accessAbstract
Enhanced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production and circulation has been linked to the metabolic adaptation to starvation. Here, we demonstrated that hepatic FGF21 expression is induced by dietary protein restriction, but not energy restriction. Circulating FGF21 was increased 10-fold in mice and rats fed a low-protein (LP) diet. In these animals, liver Fgf21 expression was increased within 24 hours of reduced protein intake. In humans, circulating FGF21 levels increased dramatically following 28 days on a LP diet. LP-induced increases in FGF21 were associated with increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the liver, and both baseline and LP-induced serum FGF21 levels were reduced in mice lacking the eIF2α kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2). Finally, while protein restriction altered food intake, energy expenditure, and body weight gain in WT mice, FGF21-deficient animals did not exhibit these changes in response to a LP diet. These and other data demonstrate that reduced protein intake underlies the increase in circulating FGF21 in response to starvation and a ketogenic diet and that FGF21 is required for behavioral and metabolic responses to protein restriction. FGF21 therefore represents an endocrine signal of protein restriction, which acts to coordinate metabolism and growth during periods of reduced protein intake.
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In the citing paper
“ketogenic diets do not induce plasma FGF21 levels in humans26,30,34”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This increase in FGF21 is directly related to reduced protein intake, as it occurs in settings of both low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [146]
In the citing paper
“Starvation30,31, high sugar intake32,33 and dietary protein restriction26 all induce circulating FGF21 levels in humans.”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“protein restriction through pathways dependent on the transcription factors ATF4 and NRF26,27.”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Beyond the response to high carbohydrate, FGF21 is induced in response to protein imbalance, specifically dietary-protein dilution26,27,124.”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“FGF21 is required for the increases in energy expenditure and the prevention of weight gain associated with low-protein diets26,27.”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“This robust increase in FGF21 results in increased energy expenditure and lower body weight gain [155,156,160,163] (Figure 2)”
From Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver (2021) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“Elevation of circulating FGF21 levels in response to low protein levels increases both the browning of adipose tissues and energy expenditure (73), likely to offset this increased caloric intake (Figure 2).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Low-protein diets (73, 85), amino acid starvation (25, 121), and the amino acid–depleting drug asparaginase (138) also induce plasma FGF21 levels.”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“FGF21 is absolutely necessary in mice to mediate the effects of low-protein diets (72, 73, 85).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Importantly, it is unclear whether there is any translational relevance of FGF21 to the beneficial effects of ketogenic diets in humans because circulating FGF21 levels fail to increase in humans in response to a ketogenic diet (19, 42, 73).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, protein restriction promotes systemic energy expenditure through this elevation in plasma FGF21 levels (73, 85).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“FGF21 is markedly induced in response to protein restriction (25, 73, 85) but not caloric restriction (73, 148).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“the effect of high carbohydrate and low protein to increase FGF21 appears to be regulated independently”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [146]
In the citing paper
“liver FGF21 expression and circulating FGF21 protein levels are increased by the restriction of protein intake in mice, rats, and humans”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [146]
In the citing paper
“reductions in dietary protein intake—or the intake of specific amino acids—increase liver FGF21 mRNA expression and circulating FGF21 protein levels”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [146]
In the citing paper
“Although wild-type mice exhibit changes in growth, body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose metabolism in response to dietary protein restriction, these effects are absent in mice that lack FGF21”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [146]
In the citing paper
“this increase in FGF21 is absolutely required for metabolic responses to protein restriction”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [146]
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Facilitates the Homeostatic Control of Feeding Behavior
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“Pharmacological, transgenic, and nutritionally-induced FGF21 increases energy expenditure by acting directly at its receptor complex in the nervous system, increasing sympathetic drive to the adipose tissues [32,72].”
BackgroundInfluentialJaved, K., Cheng, Q., Carroll, A., Truong, T. T., & Bröer, S. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113597 · Cited by 26
“SLC6A19ko mice show a metabolic phenotype similar to that achieved by protein restriction such as improved glucose tolerance, reduced body weight, elevated FGF21, browning of white adipose tissue, reduced plasma lipids [24].”
BackgroundInfluentialTomé, D., Chaumontet, C., Even, P. C., Darcel, N., & Azzout-Marniche, D. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.012 · Cited by 24
Larson, K. R., Jayakrishnan, D., Sauza, K. A. S., Goodson, M. L., CHAFFIN, A. T. B., Davidyan, A., Pathak, S. J., Fang, Y., Magaña, D. G., Miller, B. F., et al. (2024) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqae004 · Cited by 24
Qualls‐Creekmore, E., Marlatt, K. L., Aarts, E., Bruce‐Keller, A. J., Church, T., Clément, K., Fisher, J. O., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Morrison, C. D., Raybould, H. E., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22806 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, it has been suggested that clinically meaningful weight loss, unless the overall volume of exercise is very high (14-106), is unlikely to occur in response to aerobic exercise training (17).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNutritional Regulation of Hepatic FGF21 by Dietary Restriction of Methionine
Fang, H., Stone, K. P., Forney, L. A., Wanders, D., & Gettys, T. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.773975 · Cited by 24
“The Morrison lab (77) established that FGF21 was the endocrine signal linking protein restriction to increased EE, and showed in later work that FGF21 was also necessary for the low protein diet to increase thermogenic gene expression in brown and white adipose tissue (84).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFujita, Y., Makishima, M., & BHAWAL, U. K. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.045 · Cited by 23
Hao, L., Huang, N. K., Ito, K., Sae‐tan, S., Lambert, J. D., & Ross, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.216572 · Cited by 24
“Recently, it has been suggested that FGF21 expression is related to protein adequacy (22).”
BackgroundPérez‐Martí, A., Sandoval, V., Marrero, P. F., Haro, D., & Relat, J. (2016) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2016-0034 · Cited by 24
“Remarkably, neither food intake nor energy expenditure of Fgf21-deficient mice are altered by the administration of LPDs [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialRoux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery is effective in fibroblast growth factor-21 deficient mice
Morrison, C. D., Zheng, H., Mumphrey, M. B., Townsend, R. L., Münzberg, H., Ye, J., & Berthoud, H. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.005 · Cited by 24
“FGF21 levels after RYGB were also slightly, but not significantly, higher compared with never obese, lean mice fed a low fat diet from one of our earlier studies [21].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationVienberg, S. G., Jacobsen, S. H., Worm, D., Hvolris, L., Naver, L., Almdal, T., Hansen, D. L., Wulff, B. S., Clausen, T. R., Madsbad, S., et al. (2016) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13241 · Cited by 24
Heeley, N., Kirwan, P., Darwish, T., Arnaud, M., Evans, M. L., Merkle, F. T., Reimann, F. M., Gribble, F. M., & Blouet, C. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.021 · Cited by 23
“Several peripheral signals, including gut peptides and FGF21 (5–7), have been implicated in protein-induced satiety.”
BackgroundMetabolic and Proteomic Responses to Long-Term Protein Restriction in a Pig Model
Li, Y., Yin, J., Han, H. L., Liu, G., Deng, D., Kim, S. W., Wu, G., Li, Y., & Yin, Y. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05305 · Cited by 24
Pak, H. H., Richardson, N. E., Green, C. L., Brinkman, J. A., Yu, D., Tomasiewicz, J. L., Yang, S. E., Boyle, C., Konon, E. N., Ong, I. M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37177-3 · Cited by 24
The Gut Microbiome on a Periodized Low-Protein Diet Is Associated With Improved Metabolic Health
Li, Z., Rasmussen, T. S., Rasmussen, M. L., Li, J., Henríquez‐Olguín, C., Kot, W., Nielsen, D. S., & Jensen, T. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00709 · Cited by 22
Liu, X., Zhang, P., Zhang, X., Li, X., Bai, Y., Ao, Y., Hexig, B., Guo, X., & Liu, D. (2019) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.144242 · Cited by 24
GPRC6a is not required for the effects of a high‐protein diet on body weight in mice
Kinsey‐Jones, J. S., Alamshah, A., McGavigan, A. K., Spreckley, E., Banks, K., Cereceda‐Monteoliva, N., Norton, M., Bewick, G. A., & Murphy, K. G. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21083 · Cited by 23
“For example, a recent study suggests that increased circulating levels of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) function as a specific endocrine signal of protein restriction in rodents, and mediate behavioral and metabolic responses to protein restriction (33).”
BackgroundJung, J. G., Yi, S., Choi, S., KANG, Y. Y., Kim, T. H., Jeon, J. Y., Bae, M. A., Ahn, J. H., Jeong, H., Hwang, E. S., et al. (2015) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2015.0100 · Cited by 23
“Decreased consumption of dietary protein leads to a reduction in the amount of amino acids delivered to the liver, activation of GCN2, and an eventual increase in eIF2-α phosphorylation and activation of ATF4 (Anthony et al., 2004; Laeger et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHansen, A. M. K., Vienberg, S. G., Lykkegaard, K., Zhao, X., Tingqing, G., Han, D., Zhang, X., Thøgersen, H., Sass‐Ørum, K., Tagmose, T. M., et al. (2018) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20180555 · Cited by 23
Schiavo, L., Santella, B., Mingo, M., Rossetti, G., Orio, M., Cobellis, L., Maurano, A., Iannelli, A., & Pilone, V. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071216 · Cited by 22
“Contrary to earlier hypotheses, recent evidence indicates that FGF21 levels actually decrease in response to ketogenic diets and energy restriction and may serve more as a marker of metabolic stress than as a direct effector of muscle maintenance [50,51].”
Current and Emerging Treatment Options in Diabetes Care
Clemmensen, C., Müller, T. D., Finan, B., Tschöp, M. H., & DiMarchi, R. D. (2015) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2015_7 · Cited by 22
Gavrieli, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2016.31.3.361 · Cited by 21
“However this could, also, be attributed to the low protein content of this diet since a low protein diet leads to FGF-21 levels increase in both animals and humans compared to a control diet regardless of energy intake [17-19].”
Firmenich, C. S., Schnepel, N., Hansen, K., Schmicke, M., & Muscher‐Banse, A. S. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114519003040 · Cited by 25
“Finally, the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hepatokine, was quantified because FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction in monogastric species(19).”
BackgroundEndogenous Metabolic Modulators: Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids
Hamill, M. J., Afeyan, R., Chakravarthy, M. V., & Tramontin, T. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101628 · Cited by 24
Fibroblast growth factor 21: A “rheostat” for metabolic regulation?
She, Q.-Y., Bao, J., Wang, H.-Z., Liang, H., Huang, W., Wu, J., Zhong, Y.-W., Ling, H., Li, A., & Qin, S.-L. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155166 · Cited by 22
Advancements in Activating Transcription Factor 5 Function in Regulating Cell Stress and Survival
Paerhati, P., Liu, J., Jin, Z., Jakoš, T., Zhu, S., Qian, L., Zhu, J., & Yuan, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137129 · Cited by 22
“pressure sensor in the liver that regulates metabolism via binding to its promoter amino acid response elements site during periods of nutrient restriction [70].”
BackgroundWeight gain during the menopause transition: Evidence for a mechanism dependent on protein leverage
Simpson, S. J., Raubenheimer, D., Black, K. I., & Conigrave, A. D. (2022) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17290 · Cited by 22
Eleftheriadis, T., Tsogka, K., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., & Stefanidis, I. (2016) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-016-1377-x · Cited by 21
“Interestingly, a 2-day low-protein diet in rats induces eIF2α phosphorylation in the liver [9].”
BackgroundKalafut, K. C., Mitchell, S. J., MacArthur, M. R., & Mitchell, J. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.839341 · Cited by 22
“Multiple studies demonstrate that supplementing a 5% protein KD up to 10% or 13% protein with fat or carb substitution abolishes FGF21 induction without substantially affecting ketogenesis (64, 65).”
BackgroundBabygirija, R., Sonsalla, M. M., Mill, J., James, I., Han, J. H., Green, C. L., Calubag, M. F., Wade, G., Tobon, A., Michael, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49589-z · Cited by 22
“Inrodents,studiesgoingbackmanyyearshavefound that protein restriction (PR) promotes metabolic health and even extends lifespan 14 – 21 .”
Relationship between FGF21 and drug or nondrug therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Guo, C. Y., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Deng, X., & Yuan, G. (2020) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.29879 · Cited by 21
“Laeger et al. (2014) also showed that FGF21 increased during a low protein (5% dietary protein) diet in mice and humans, even when the total energy is fixed (Bray et al., 2012).”
BackgroundFGF21 prevents low-protein diet-induced renal inflammation in aged mice
Fang, H., Ghosh, S., Sims, L. C., Stone, K. P., Hill, C. M., Spires, D. R., Ilatovskaya, D. V., Morrison, C. D., Gettys, T. W., & Stadler, K. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00107.2021 · Cited by 20
Self-citationGuo, J., Chen, H.-H., Lee, W., Chen, S., Lee, S., & Chen, C. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030645 · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) would be activated when encountering amino acid deficiency, leading to FGF 21 transcription [29].”
BackgroundNutrient Sensing and Redox Balance: GCN2 as a New Integrator in Aging
Falcón, P., Escandón, M., Brito, Á., & Matus, S. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/5730532 · Cited by 21
“The physiological responses to MR encompass adiposity decrease, energy expenditure increase, and thermogenic gene expression induction in the liver [48, 49].”
Zhang, L., Dasuri, K., Fernandez-Kim, S.-O., Bruce‐Keller, A. J., & Keller, J. N. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Kitada, M., Ogura, Y., Monno, I., Xu, J., & Koya, D. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102902 · Cited by 20
Metabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence
Hollstein, T., & Piaggi, P. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00371-4 · Cited by 24
“Due to its remarkable increase during low-protein diets (up to 44-fold [4]), FGF21 also represents an independent endocrine signal of protein restriction [132].”
BackgroundGlycerol-3-phosphate activates ChREBP, FGF21 transcription and lipogenesis in citrin deficiency
Tiwari, V., Jin, B., Sun, O., Gonzalez, E. D. J. L., Chen, M.-H., Wu, X., Shah, H., Zhang, A., Herman, M. A., Spracklen, C. N., et al. (2025) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-025-01399-3 · Cited by 20
“It has also been shown that FGF21 is induced by a loss-of-function variant of glucokinase regulator GCKR 44 and ethanol 45 via reductive stress, that is, conditions that increase the NADH/NAD + ratio in hepatocytes 46 , and by protein restriction 47 .”
Low protein diet and methyl-donor supplements modify testicular physiology in mice
Morgan, H. L., Ampong, I., Eid, N. S., Rouillon, C., Griffiths, H. R., & Watkins, A. J. (2020) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-19-0435 · Cited by 26
Moro, J., Roisné-Hamelin, G., Chaumontet, C., Even, P. C., Blais, A., Cansell, C., Piedcoq, J., Gaudichon, C., Tomé, D., & Azzout‐Marniche, D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010197 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, a diet low in all EAA (but adequate in all non-essential amino acids) was able to reproduce the effects of a protein-deficient diet on body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure [2,6,8].”
BackgroundMeal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humans
Ramne, S., Duizer, L., Nielsen, M. S., Jørgensen, N. R., Svenningsen, J. S., Grarup, N., Sjödin, A. M., Raben, A., & Gillum, M. P. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023 · Cited by 20
Critical role of FGF21 in diabetic kidney disease: from energy metabolism to innate immunity
Liang, Y., Chen, Q., Chang, Y., Han, J., Yan, J., Chen, Z., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333429 · Cited by 20
Play down protein to play up metabolism?
Müller, T. D., & Tschöp, M. H. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci77508 · Cited by 17
Fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 in acute liver damage
Shan, Z., Álvarez‐Sola, G., Uriarte, I., Arechederra, M., Fernández‐Barrena, M. G., Berasain, C., Ju, C., & Avila, M. A. (2018) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2018.05.26 · Cited by 19
“Interestingly, stress situations such as amino acid deprivation and protein restriction result in robust FGF21 hepatic production through the ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response pathway in mice (50,51).”
BackgroundLaeger, T., Castaño-Martinez, T., Werno, M. W., Japtok, L., Baumeier, C., Jonas, W., Kleuser, B., & Schürmann, A. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4595-1 · Cited by 17
“Therefore, these data correspond with the finding of FGF21 as an endocrine signal for a dietary protein restriction independent of energy restriction [3, 5].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRestriction of dietary protein in rats increases progressive-ratio motivation for protein
Chiacchierini, G., Naneix, F., Apergis‐Schoute, J., & McCutcheon, J. E. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113877 · Cited by 18
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Null Mice Do Not Exhibit an Impaired Response to Fasting
Antonellis, P. J., Hayes, M. P., & Adams, A. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00077 · Cited by 17
Tomé, D., Chaumontet, C., Even, P. C., Darcel, N., Thornton, S. N., & Azzout‐Marniche, D. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05990 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Laeger, T., Henagan, T. M., Albarado, D. C., Redman, L. M., Bray, G. A., Noland, R. C., Münzberg, H., Hutson, S. M., Gettys, T. W., Schwartz, M. W., & Morrison, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morrison, Christopher D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2014-08-18
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3913-3922
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4153701
- OpenAlex
- W2170065584
- Cited by
- 593
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 19.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (LA 3042/2-1)
- National Institutes of Health
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of North Carolina (#P30DK072476)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103528, P30GM118430)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK101997, R01DK096311, R01DK081563, P30DK035816, P30DK017047, T32DK064584, P30DK072476, R01DK083042)
- National Center for Research Resources (P20RR021945)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- FGF21, protein restriction, low-protein diet, hormone signaling, eIF2α phosphorylation, GCN2, starvation, ketogenic diet, dietary intake, energy expenditure, body weight, metabolic adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Caloric Restriction, PPAR alpha, Mice, Rats, Diet, Ketogenic
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