FGF21 Signals Protein Status to the Brain and Adaptively Regulates Food Choice and Metabolism
Open accessAbstract
Reduced dietary protein intake induces adaptive physiological changes in macronutrient preference, energy expenditure, growth, and glucose homeostasis. We demonstrate that deletion of the FGF21 co-receptor βKlotho (Klb) from the brain produces mice that are unable to mount a physiological response to protein restriction, an effect that is replicated by whole-body deletion of FGF21. Mice forced to consume a low-protein diet exhibit reduced growth, increased energy expenditure, and a resistance to diet-induced obesity, but the loss of FGF21 signaling in the brain completely abrogates that response. When given access to a higher protein alternative, protein-restricted mice exhibit a shift toward protein-containing foods, and central FGF21 signaling is essential for that response. FGF21 is an endocrine signal linking the liver and brain, which regulates adaptive, homeostatic changes in metabolism and feeding behavior during protein restriction.
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Effects of extended FGF21 signalling in promoting weight loss through increased energy expenditure are mediated through direct actions on the CNS, not adipose tissues.
“These effects of extended FGF21 signalling in promoting weight loss through increased energy expenditure are mediated through direct actions on the central nervous system67,80–84, not adipose tissues65,67,85”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
FGF21 signalling to the CNS is required for the weight loss associated with a low-protein diet.
“In addition, as expected according to the mechanism of FGF21’s action in increasing energy expenditure, FGF21 signalling to the CNS is required for the weight loss associated with a low-protein diet83,84.”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
Maximal circulating FGF21 levels increase in response to a combination of low-protein and high-carbohydrate conditions.
“maximal levels of circulating FGF21 increase in response to a combination of low-protein and high-carbohydrate conditions [152,158,165].”
From Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Control mice adaptively shift macronutrient preference and increase protein intake in response to dietary protein restriction.
“while control mice adaptively shift macronutrient preference and increase protein intake in response to dietary protein restriction”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Mice that lack either FGF21 or FGF21 signaling in the brain fail to exhibit the adaptive increase in protein intake in response to dietary protein restriction.
“mice that lack either FGF21 or FGF21 signaling in the brain fail to exhibit this homeostatic response”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Low-protein diets induce hyperphagia, particularly in rodent models.
“a number of studies demonstrate that low-protein diets induce hyperphagia, particularly in rodent models”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Protein restriction induces a specific selection for protein, marked by protein-specific increases in preference and motivation.
“Protein restriction also induces a specific selection for protein, marked by protein-specific increases in preference and motivation”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
The effect of high carbohydrate and low protein to increase FGF21 appears to be regulated independently.
“the effect of high carbohydrate and low protein to increase FGF21 appears to be regulated independently”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Although wild-type mice exhibit changes in growth, body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose metabolism in response to dietary protein restriction, these effects are absent in mice that lack FGF21.
“Although wild-type mice exhibit changes in growth, body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose metabolism in response to dietary protein restriction, these effects are absent in mice that lack FGF21”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
The increase in FGF21 is directly related to reduced protein intake, as it occurs in settings of both low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat.
“This increase in FGF21 is directly related to reduced protein intake, as it occurs in settings of both low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
The increase in FGF21 is absolutely required for metabolic responses to protein restriction.
“this increase in FGF21 is absolutely required for metabolic responses to protein restriction”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Deleting Klb from the brain recapitulates the phenotype, strongly arguing that the metabolic response to protein restriction requires FGF21 acting directly in the brain.
“we recapitulated this phenotype by deleting Klb from the brain, strongly arguing that the metabolic response to protein restriction requires FGF21 acting directly in the brain”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
FGF21 signaling in the brain is not only sufficient to increase protein intake, but brain FGF21 signaling is absolutely necessary for mice to exhibit physiologically adaptive increases in protein intake in response to protein restriction.
“Available evidence therefore strongly indicates that FGF21 signaling in the brain is not only sufficient to increase protein intake, but that brain FGF21 signaling is absolutely necessary for mice to exhibit physiologically adaptive increases in protein intake in response to protein restriction.”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
FGF21 administration directly into the brain was sufficient to shift preference away from low-protein and towards high-protein mixed diets.
“FGF21 administration directly into the brain was sufficient to shift preference away from low-protein and towards high-protein mixed diets”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
This protein preference could be induced in control mice by direct administration of FGF21 into the brain.
“this protein preference could be induced in control mice by direct administration of FGF21 into the brain”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
Protein restriction induces a unique and selective appetite for protein, but this adaptive, physiological shift in macronutrient preference was lost in mice lacking either FGF21 or Klb in the brain.
“protein restriction induces a unique and selective appetite for protein, but that this adaptive, physiological shift in macronutrient preference was lost in mice lacking either FGF21 or Klb in the brain”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
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Restriction of dietary protein in rats increases progressive-ratio motivation for protein
Chiacchierini, G., Naneix, F., Apergis‐Schoute, J., & McCutcheon, J. E. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113877 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The fructose survival hypothesis as a mechanism for unifying the various obesity hypotheses
Johnson, R. J., Sánchez‐Lozada, L. G., & Lanaspa, M. A. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23920 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hepatic IRE1α-XBP1 signaling promotes GDF15-mediated anorexia and body weight loss in chemotherapy
Tang, Y., Yao, T., Tian, X., Xia, X., Huang, X., Qin, Z., Shen, Z., Zhao, L., Zhao, Y., Diao, B., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20231395 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease
Zeigerer, A., Sekar, R., Kleinert, M., Nason, S. R., Habegger, K. M., & Müller, T. D. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00161.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Postprandial dynamics and response of fibroblast growth factor 21 in older adults
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Protein-Restricted Diets and Their Impact on Metabolic Health and Aging
Kim, S. Q., Spann, R. A., Hill, C. M., Berryman, C. E., Berthoud, H., McDougal, D. H., He, Y., Münzberg, H., Yu, S., & Morrison, C. D. (2025) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-121624-114918 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiomics assessment of dietary protein titration reveals altered hepatic glucose utilization
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- Authors
- Hill, C. M., Laeger, T., Dehner, M., Albarado, D. C., Clarke, B., Wanders, D., Burke, S. J., Collier, J. J., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Solon-Biet, S. M., Simpson, S. J., Berthoud, H.-R., Münzberg, H., & Morrison, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Georgia State University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Morrison, Christopher D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2934-2947.e3
- ISSN
- 2211-1247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6579533
- OpenAlex
- W2948182761
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 8.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (F32DK115137, LA 3042/2-1)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (R01DK092587, R01DK047348, R21AI138136, GNT1110098)
- National Institutes of Health (R01DK047348, R21AI138136, R01DK092587, P30GM118430, F32DK115137, R01DK105032, S10OD023703)
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of North Carolina
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- FGF21, β-Klotho, brain signaling, protein restriction, food choice, energy expenditure, growth, diet-induced obesity, glucose homeostasis, hormone signaling, liver-brain axis, feeding behavior
- MeSH terms
- Klotho Proteins, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Brain, Feeding Behavior, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Food Preferences, Insulin Resistance, Liver, Male, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Glucose Intolerance, Mice, Knockout, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Mice, Diet, High-Fat
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