The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The GFDL CM3 Coupled Climate Model: Characteristics of the Ocean and Sea Ice Simulations
Open accessAbstract
This paper documents time mean simulation characteristics from the ocean and sea ice components in a new coupled climate model developed at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The GFDL Climate Model version 3 (CM3) is formulated with effectively the same ocean and sea ice components as the earlier CM2.1 yet with extensive developments made to the atmosphere and land model components. Both CM2.1 and CM3 show stable mean climate indices, such as large-scale circulation and sea surface temperatures (SSTs). There are notable improvements in the CM3 climate simulation relative to CM2.1, including a modified SST bias pattern and reduced biases in the Arctic sea ice cover. The authors anticipate SST differences between CM2.1 and CM3 in lower latitudes through analysis of the atmospheric fluxes at the ocean surface in corresponding Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations. In contrast, SST changes in the high latitudes are dominated by ocean and sea ice effects absent in AMIP simulations. The ocean interior simulation in CM3 is generally warmer than in CM2.1, which adversely impacts the interior biases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., et al. (1996) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:tnyrp>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 28,360
Uppala, S. M., KÅllberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., et al. (2005) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1256/qj.04.176 · Cited by 6,804
An Improved In Situ and Satellite SST Analysis for Climate
Reynolds, R. W., Rayner, N. A., Smith, T. M., Stokes, D. C., & Wang, W. (2002) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:aiisas>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 4,559
Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models
Gent, P. R., & Mcwilliams, J. C. (1990) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:imiocm>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 3,149
THE WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset: A New Era in Climate Change Research
Meehl, G. A., Covey, C., Delworth, T., Latif, M., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, J. F. B., Stouffer, R. J., & Taylor, K. E. (2007) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-88-9-1383 · Cited by 2,826
GFDL's CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part I: Formulation and Simulation Characteristics
Delworth, T. L., Broccoli, A. J., Rosati, A., Stouffer, R. J., Balaji, V., Beesley, J. A., Cooke, W. F., Dixon, K. W., Dunne, J., Dunne, K. A., et al. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3629.1 · Cited by 1,690
Self-citationThe global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set.
Large, W. G., & Yeager, S. G. (2009) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3 · Cited by 1,636
Climate models and their evaluation
Randall, D. A., & Fichefet, T. (2007) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 1,500
Perspectives on the Arctic's Shrinking Sea-Ice Cover
Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., & Stroeve, J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1139426 · Cited by 1,261
AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project
Gates, W. L. (1992) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1962:atamip>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,124
Cited by
Structure and Performance of GFDL's CM4.0 Climate Model
Held, I. M., Guo, H., Adcroft, A., Dunne, J. P., Horowitz, L. W., Krasting, J., Shevliakova, E., Winton, M., Zhao, M., Bushuk, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2019ms001829 · Cited by 594
Self-citationA review of recent changes in Southern Ocean sea ice, their drivers and forcings
Hobbs, W. R., Massom, R., Stammerjohn, S., Reid, P., Williams, G., & Meier, W. (2016) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.008 · Cited by 354
Evaluation of CORDEX- South Asia regional climate models for heat wave simulations over India
Singh, S., Mall, R. K., Dadich, J., Verma, S., Singh, J. V., & Gupta, A. (2021) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105228 · Cited by 35
The thermodynamic effect of atmospheric mass on early Earth's temperature
Chemke, R., Kaspi, Y., & Halevy, I. (2016) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2016gl071279 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Griffies, S. M., Winton, M., Donner, L. J., Horowitz, L. W., Downes, S. M., Farneti, R., Gnanadesikan, A., Hurlin, W. J., Lee, H.-C., Liang, Z., Palter, J. B., Samuels, B. L., Wittenberg, A. T., Wyman, B. L., Yin, J., & Zadeh, N.
- Venue
- Journal of Climate
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3520-3544
- ISSN
- 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0442
- OpenAlex
- W2027509738
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 59
- FWCI
- 15.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The GFDL CM3 Coupled Climate Model: Characteristics of the Ocean and Sea Ice Simulations. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1175/2011jcli3964.1
- The paper
- Griffies, S. M., Winton, M., Donner, L. J., Horowitz, L. W., Downes, S. M., Farneti, R., Gnanadesikan, A., Hurlin, W. J., Lee, H.-C., Liang, Z., Palter, J. B., Samuels, B. L., Wittenberg, A. T., Wyman, B. L., Yin, J., & Zadeh, N. (2011). The GFDL CM3 Coupled Climate Model: Characteristics of the Ocean and Sea Ice Simulations. Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3964.1
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
