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Cited by 29Water Governance and InfrastructureWater Resource Management and QualityWater resources management and optimization

Gender and asset dimensions of seasonal water insecurity in urban Philippines.

Open access
Mason, Lisa Reyes·2012·Weather Climate and Society
DOI 10.1175/wcas-d-11-00037.1
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Abstract

Abstract Seasonal water insecurity is a social and climate-related problem of growing concern in many urban areas. From 2000 to 2050, the global urban population affected by seasonal water shortage is projected to increase from 312 million to 1.3 billion. This increase is due to a combination of drivers, including population growth, urbanization, and climate change. To advance understanding of the social dimensions of this problem, this study uses qualitative methods—archival research, informal interviews (N = 7), and in-depth interviews (N = 15)—to explore how gender and assets relate to water insecurity in the rainy and dry seasons in three urban neighborhoods in Baguio City, the Philippines. Analytic methods include memo production and qualitative text analysis. Key findings are that households manage complex water portfolios that change seasonally or more frequently; women and men have gendered roles in managing water portfolios, providing versus managing income for water purchases, and physically carrying water; and particular assets (specific physical, financial, and social capitals) seem to matter for reducing seasonal water insecurity, in ways that may be gendered as well. Implications for more gender-sensitive and asset-focused research and policy are discussed.

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  • Women's and girls' bodily integrity has been constrained due to water and sanitation conditions, including limiting bathing and washing, restricting food and water, suppressing defecation and urination urges, delaying changing menstrual materials, and taking anti-diarrheal medicines when lacking sufficient, safe or clean water and sanitation.

    “Specifically, women limited bathing and washing hands, clothes, menstrual materials, and bathrooms; [76,86,98,100,123,144,165,197,198,200,202,229,232,281] restricted food and water to avoid defecation and urination; [135, 168, 174, 179, 184, 192, 212, 224] suppressed defecation and urination urges; [2,62,181,184,188,190,191, 214, 217, 229, 235, 236, 238, 241, 247, 248, 250, 270] delayed changing”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [100]

  • General safety concerns were widely noted, including feeling unsafe collecting water or using sanitation facilities at night, and when toilets lack doors, locks, lighting, or are far; safety issues were particularly intense for adolescent girls, young women, and minorities.

    “General safety concerns were widely noted, [100, 119, 123, 139, 143, 147, 171, 177, 182, 186, 188, 191, 201, 202, 223, 226-229, 233, 238, 240, 241, 251, 255, 257] including feeling unsafe collecting water, [100, 119, 177] or using sanitation facilities at night, [168, 171, 190, 229, 255-257] and when toilets lack doors, locks, lighting, or are far [171, 190, 214, 223, 239-241, 252, 255].Safety”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [100]

  • Seasonal changes impacted time spent on water acquisition: during the dry season, women waited for unpredictable water deliveries, spent extra time collecting water when sources dried up, slept or cooked at sources when lines were long, and walked long distances in the dark.

    “Seasonal changes impacted time spent on water acquisition: during the dry season, women waited for often unpredictable and therefore disruptive water deliveries (Philippines [100]); spent extra time collecting water when sources dried up (Ghana [197]); slept or cooked at sources when lines were long (Mozambique [261]); and walked long distances in the dark (Mozambique [153]).”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [100]

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Authors
Mason, L. R.
Affiliations
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author
Mason, Lisa Reyes
ORCID
Mason, Lisa Reyes
Venue
Weather Climate and Society
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Published
2012-01-01
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
20-33
ISSN
  • 1948-8327 (ISSN-L)
  • 1948-8335
DOI
10.1175/wcas-d-11-00037.1
OpenAlex
W1991643326
Cited by
29
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
FWCI
16.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Weather Climate and Society (publishedVersion)
  • Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) (submittedVersion)
  • Washington University in St. Louis Libraries
Funders
Washington University in St. Louis
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Water resources management and optimization
Keywords
social capital, financial capital, water carrying, climate change adaptation, urban water scarcity, Baguio City, gender-sensitive policy

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