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Cited by 233Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchGun Ownership and Violence ResearchChild Abuse and Trauma

Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms

Classen, Catherine, Koopman, Cheryl, Hales, Robert, Spiegel, David·1998·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/ajp.155.5.620
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Using the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder, the authors examined whether the acute psychological effects of being a bystander to violence involving mass shootings in an office building predicted later posttraumatic stress symptoms. METHOD: The participants in this study were 36 employees working in an office building where a gunman shot 14 persons (eight fatally). The acute stress symptoms were assessed within 8 days of the event, and posttraumatic stress symptoms of 32 employees were assessed 7 to 10 months later. RESULTS: According to the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, 12 (33%) of the employees met criteria for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder. Acute stress symptoms were found to be an excellent predictor of the subjects' posttraumatic stress symptoms 7-10 months after the traumatic event. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest not only that being a bystander to violence is highly stressful in the short run, but that acute stress reactions to such an event further predict later posttraumatic stress symptoms.

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Authors
Classen, C., Koopman, C., Hales, R., & Spiegel, D.
Affiliations
Stanford Medicine (US)
ORCID
Spiegel, David
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
1998-05-01
Volume
155
Issue
5
Pages
620-624
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/ajp.155.5.620
OpenAlex
W2004556719
Cited by
233
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 12
FWCI
23.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress symptoms, mass shootings, bystanders, acute stress response, trauma exposure, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
MeSH terms
Acute Disease, Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Homicide, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Terminology as Topic, Personality Inventory, Probability, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Violence, Comorbidity

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