The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hypofrontality in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Higher-Order Motor Control: A Study With Functional MRI
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate the hypothesis that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a dysfunction of prefrontal brain regions during motor response inhibition and motor timing. METHOD: Generic brain activation of seven adolescent boys with ADHD was compared to that of nine comparison subjects equivalent in sex, age, and IQ while they were performing a stop task, requiring inhibition of a planned motor response, and a motor timing task, requiring timing of a motor response to a sensory cue. RESULTS: The hyperactive adolescents showed lower power of response in the right mesial prefrontal cortex during both tasks and in the right inferior prefrontal cortex and left caudate during the stop task. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is associated with subnormal activation of the prefrontal systems responsible for higher-order motor control. Functional MRI is a feasible technique for investigation of neural correlates of ADHD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The first fMRI studies conducted in very small numbers of ADHD patients found reduced inferior fronto-striatal activation in ADHD children relative to age-matched healthy controls during motor inhibition (Vaidya et al., 1998; Rubia et al., 1999), which has been widely replicated until today”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“RTV likewise has been associated with poorer academic performance (64), motor development (65), and motor timing (21, 66) in children with ADHD.”
From Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“this brain region is underactive in many patients with ADHD”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several imaging studies have shown that the dorsolateral PFC has a smaller volume and reduced activity in patients with ADHD compared with controls (Castellanos et al., 2002; Castellanos et al., 2008; Mostofsky et al., 2002; Rubia et al., 1999; Seidman et al., 2005).”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 1999
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Hypoactivation and corresponding deficient inhibition in ADHD seem responsible for inappropriate higher-order motor control mechanisms (Rubia et al. 1999).”
From The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Rubia et al. 1999
In the citing paper
“The neurobiological correlates of inhibitory deficits in ADHD contrast to the ones of OCD patients because deficient inhibition mainly emerged as ACC hypoactivation in STOP or flanker tasks (Konrad et al. 2006; Pliszka et al. 2006; Rubia et al. 1999).”
From The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Rubia et al. 1999
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868 · Cited by 6,483
Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Weinberger, D. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190080012 · Cited by 3,724
Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour
Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J., & Vogt, B. A. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.1.279 · Cited by 3,377
Edgington, E. S., Edgington, E., & Onghena, P. (1964) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2169 · Cited by 2,052
A Teacher Rating Scale for Use in Drug Studies with Children
Conners, C. K. (1969) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.6.884 · Cited by 1,758
Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Castellanos, F. X. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070053009 · Cited by 1,183
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Adults with Hyperactivity of Childhood Onset
Zametkin, A. J., NORDAHL, T. E., Gross, M., King, A. C., Semple, W. E., Rumsey, J. M., Hamburger, S., & Cohen, R. M. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199011153232001 · Cited by 975
Nonparametric Analysis of Statistic Images from Functional Mapping Experiments
Holmes, A. P., Blair, R. C., Watson, J. D. G., & Ford, I. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199601000-00002 · Cited by 894
Filipek, P. A., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Steingard, R. J., Renshaw, P. F., Kennedy, D. N., & Biederman, J. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.3.589 · Cited by 732
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation
Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104 · Cited by 1,819
Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827
Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans
Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1003 · Cited by 1,771
Self-citationCastellanos, F. X. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1740 · Cited by 1,646
Metadata
- Authors
- Rubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C. R., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E. T.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1999-06-01
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 891-896
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2164407653
- Cited by
- 1,010
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 22.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypofrontality, prefrontal cortex, motor inhibition, motor timing, stop-signal task, caudate nucleus, inferior prefrontal cortex, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Caudate Nucleus, Child, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Skills, Neuropsychological Tests, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
