Cited by 376Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaChild Abuse and Trauma

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Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence

Goenjian, Armen K., Steinberg, Alan M., Najarian, Louis M., Fairbanks, Lynn A., Tashjian, Madeline, Pynoos, Robert S.·2000·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to assess the severity and longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions among two groups of adults differentially exposed to severe and mild earthquake trauma and a third group exposed to severe violence. They also examined interrelationships among these reactions and predictors of outcome and compared posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom category profile and course between those exposed to earthquake and those exposed to violence. METHOD: Seventy-eight non-treatment-seeking subjects were assessed with self-report instruments approximately 1.5 and 4.5 years after the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia and the 1988 pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan. RESULTS: The two groups that had been exposed to severe trauma (earthquake or violence) had high initial and follow-up PTSD scores that did not remit over the 3-year interval. Overall, depressive symptoms subsided. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions were highly intercorrelated within and across both time intervals. No significant differences in PTSD severity, profile, or course were seen between subjects exposed to severe earthquake trauma versus those exposed to severe violence. CONCLUSIONS: After exposure to severe trauma, either an earthquake or violence, adults are at high risk of developing severe and chronic posttraumatic stress reactions that are associated with chronic anxiety and depressive reactions. Clinical evaluation and therapeutic intervention should include specific attention to these reactions. Early mental health intervention is recommended to prevent their chronicity.

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Authors: Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Tashjian, M., & Pynoos, R. S.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Goenjian, Armen K.
Steinberg, Alan M.
Pynoos, Robert S.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2000-06-01
Volume: 157
Issue: 6
Pages: 911-916
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911
OpenAlex: W2107676391
Cited by: 376
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 14.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, earthquake injuries, political violence, anxiety, depressive symptoms, chronic PTSD, Spitak earthquake, Azerbaijan, Armenian diaspora, early mental health intervention
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Disasters, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Inventory, Politics, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Violence

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Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence

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