CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 376Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaChild Abuse and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence

Goenjian, Armen K., Steinberg, Alan M., Najarian, Louis M., Fairbanks, Lynn A., Tashjian, Madeline, Pynoos, Robert S.·2000·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to assess the severity and longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions among two groups of adults differentially exposed to severe and mild earthquake trauma and a third group exposed to severe violence. They also examined interrelationships among these reactions and predictors of outcome and compared posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom category profile and course between those exposed to earthquake and those exposed to violence. METHOD: Seventy-eight non-treatment-seeking subjects were assessed with self-report instruments approximately 1.5 and 4.5 years after the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia and the 1988 pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan. RESULTS: The two groups that had been exposed to severe trauma (earthquake or violence) had high initial and follow-up PTSD scores that did not remit over the 3-year interval. Overall, depressive symptoms subsided. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions were highly intercorrelated within and across both time intervals. No significant differences in PTSD severity, profile, or course were seen between subjects exposed to severe earthquake trauma versus those exposed to severe violence. CONCLUSIONS: After exposure to severe trauma, either an earthquake or violence, adults are at high risk of developing severe and chronic posttraumatic stress reactions that are associated with chronic anxiety and depressive reactions. Clinical evaluation and therapeutic intervention should include specific attention to these reactions. Early mental health intervention is recommended to prevent their chronicity.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 43 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Hamilton M: Diagnosis and ratings of anxiety, in Studies of Anxiety. Br J Psychiatry (special publication) 1969; 3:76–79

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 375

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Tashjian, M., & Pynoos, R. S.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2000-06-01
Volume
157
Issue
6
Pages
911-916
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911
OpenAlex
W2107676391
Cited by
376
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 29
FWCI
14.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, earthquake injuries, political violence, anxiety, depressive symptoms, chronic PTSD, Spitak earthquake, Azerbaijan, Armenian diaspora, early mental health intervention
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Disasters, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Inventory, Politics, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Violence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review