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Cited by 224Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Traits and PsychologyGenetic Associations and Epidemiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genetic and Environmental Sources of Covariation Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Neuroticism

Hettema, John M., Prescott, Carol A., Kendler, Kenneth S.·2004·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1581
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and the personality trait of neuroticism. Because women have higher levels of neuroticism and twice the risk of lifetime generalized anxiety disorder of men, gender-specific effects were also explored. METHOD: Lifetime generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism were assessed in more than 8,000 twins from male-male, female-female, and opposite-sex pairs through structured diagnostic interviews. Sex-limited Cholesky structural equation models were used to decompose the correlations between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism into genetic and environmental components, including sex-specific factors. RESULTS: Genetic correlations between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism were high and differed (nonsignificantly) between men and women (1.00 and 0.58, respectively). When nonsignificant gender differences were removed from the models, correlations between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism were estimated at 0.80 (95% confidence interval=0.52-1.00). The individual-specific environmental correlation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism was estimated at 0.20 for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial overlap between the genetic factors that influence individual variation in neuroticism and those that increase liability for generalized anxiety disorder, irrespective of gender. The life experiences that increase vulnerability to generalized anxiety disorder, however, have only modest overlap with those that contribute to an individual's level of neuroticism.

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Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1581

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Metadata

Authors
Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S.
Affiliations
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2004-09-01
Volume
161
Issue
9
Pages
1581-1587
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1581
OpenAlex
W2079459508
Cited by
224
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
FWCI
16.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009095, AA-09095)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH066277, R01MH040828, MH 40828, MH/AA/DA-49492)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA11287, R01DA011287)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords
generalized anxiety disorder, neuroticism, personality traits, genetic correlation, environmental correlation, sex differences, twin studies, heritability
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Genetic, Neurotic Disorders, Personality, Personality Inventory, Phenotype, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Variation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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