Cited by 224Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Traits and PsychologyGenetic Associations and Epidemiology

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Genetic and Environmental Sources of Covariation Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Neuroticism

Hettema, John M., Prescott, Carol A., Kendler, Kenneth S.·2004·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1581

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and the personality trait of neuroticism. Because women have higher levels of neuroticism and twice the risk of lifetime generalized anxiety disorder of men, gender-specific effects were also explored. METHOD: Lifetime generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism were assessed in more than 8,000 twins from male-male, female-female, and opposite-sex pairs through structured diagnostic interviews. Sex-limited Cholesky structural equation models were used to decompose the correlations between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism into genetic and environmental components, including sex-specific factors. RESULTS: Genetic correlations between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism were high and differed (nonsignificantly) between men and women (1.00 and 0.58, respectively). When nonsignificant gender differences were removed from the models, correlations between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism were estimated at 0.80 (95% confidence interval=0.52-1.00). The individual-specific environmental correlation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism was estimated at 0.20 for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial overlap between the genetic factors that influence individual variation in neuroticism and those that increase liability for generalized anxiety disorder, irrespective of gender. The life experiences that increase vulnerability to generalized anxiety disorder, however, have only modest overlap with those that contribute to an individual's level of neuroticism.

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“Specifically, worry has been conceptualized as a maladaptive behavior that is predicted in part by stable traits (Borkovec et al., 1983; de Bruin et al., 2007; Verkuil et al., 2007), especially trait neuroticism (Hettema et al., 2004; Keogh et al., 1998).”
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“Because these behavioral tendencies have a high biological predisposition, it is difficult to tease apart the dimensions of anxiety and personality traits (Cattell & Scheier, 1958 ; Eysenck, 1963 ; Hettema et al., 2004).”

Authors: Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S.
Affiliations: Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID: Hettema, John M.
Prescott, Carol A.
Kendler, Kenneth S.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2004-09-01
Volume: 161
Issue: 9
Pages: 1581-1587
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1581
OpenAlex: W2079459508
Cited by: 224
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 16.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009095, AA-09095)
National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH066277, R01MH040828, MH 40828, MH/AA/DA-49492)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA11287, R01DA011287)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder, neuroticism, personality traits, genetic correlation, environmental correlation, sex differences, twin studies, heritability
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Genetic, Neurotic Disorders, Personality, Personality Inventory, Phenotype, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Variation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Genetic and Environmental Sources of Covariation Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Neuroticism

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