The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reduced Sleep Spindle Activity in Schizophrenia Patients
Abstract
Objective: High-density EEG during sleep represents a powerful new tool to reveal potential abnormalities in rhythm-generating mechanisms while avoiding confounding factors associated with waking activities. As a first step in this direction, the authors employed high-density EEG to explore whether sleep rhythms differ between schizophrenia subjects, healthy individuals, and a psychiatric control group with a history of depression. Method: Healthy comparison subjects (N=17), medicated schizophrenia patients (N=18), and subjects with a history of depression (N=15) were recruited. Subjects were recorded during the first sleep episode of the night with a 256-electrode high-density EEG. Recordings were analyzed for changes in EEG power spectra, power topography, and sleep-specific cortical oscillations. Results: The authors found that the schizophrenia group had a significant reduction in centroparietal EEG power, from 13.75 to 15.00 Hz, in relation to both the comparison and depression groups. No significant difference in EEG power between the comparison and depression groups was identified. The authors also found a decrease in sleep spindle number, amplitude, duration, and integrated spindle activity in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, integrated spindle activity had an effect size corresponding to 93.0% or 90.2% separation of the schizophrenia from the comparison or depression group. Conclusions: Sleep spindles are generated by the thalamic reticular nucleus in conjunction with specific thalamic nuclei and are modulated by corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections. The deficit in sleep spindles in schizophrenia subjects may reflect dysfunction in thalamic-reticular and thalamocortical mechanisms and could represent a biological marker of illness.
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“For example, over 90% of schizophrenic subjects show a dramatic reduction in sleep spindles, suggesting dysfunction in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (Ferrarelli et al., 2007).”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Ferrarelli et al., 2007
Citations
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Items 101–145 of 145
Bartsch, U., Corbin, L. J., Hellmich, C., Taylor, M. R., Easey, K., Durant, C. F., Marston, H. M., Timpson, N. J., & Jones, M. W. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab191 · Cited by 5
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“Next, we detected sleep spindles with an automated algorithm adapted from Ferrarelli et al. (2007) using the Wonambi EEG analysis toolbox (Piantoni and O ’ Byrne, 2023; https://wonambi-python.github.io/).”
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“Some networks appear to be better understood than others, for example, the resonant frequency involving the thalamus and cerebral cortex which is associated with sleep spindles.[15] Furthermore, the delta frequency plays a role in the consolidation of memories.”
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“For example, medicated individuals with chronic schizophrenia show deficits in spindle density (Ferrarelli et al., 2007; Manoach et al., 2010), which parallel impaired memory consol-”
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“Finally, in future research, the use of electroencephalography (EEG) recordings [34], in addition to actiwatch recordings, would be helpful in order to investigate the neural effects of acupuncture on disturbed sleep in patients with chronic schizophrenia.”
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Pattern recognition with adaptive-thresholds for sleep spindle in high density EEG signals
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“Spindle detection and characterization partially follow previously published algorithms [12], [13] and are based on a sequential process described by the flow chart of Figure 1).”
MethodSleep spindles detection using Empirical Mode Decomposition
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“Also sleep density (number of events per minute) is an important index in studies of brain and psychological disorders like schizophrenia [4, 15], epilepsy [20], autism [19] and neurodegenerative disorders [21].”
BackgroundMethodCB-1 receptor agonist drastically changes oscillatory activity, defining active sleep
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Effect of Closed-Loop Direct Electrical Stimulation during Sleep Spindles in Humans
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The Future of Sleep and Circadian Testing
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Precise Slow Oscillation-Spindle Coupling Promotes Memory Consolidation in Younger and Older AdultsPreprint
Muehlroth, B. E., Sander, M. C., Fandakova, Y., Grandy, T. H., Rasch, B., Shing, Y. L., & Werkle‐Bergner, M. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/268474 · Cited by 2
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Huwiler, S., Dominguez, M. C., Huwyler, S., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480303 · Cited by 2
Self-citationOscillatory-Quality of sleep spindles: from properties to functionPreprint
Blanco-Duque, C., Bond, S. A., Krone, L., Dufour, J.-P., Gillen, E. C. P., Kahn, M., Purple, R., Bannerman, D., Mann, E., Achermann, P., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546981 · Cited by 2
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“Dysregulation of spindles is associated with neurodegenerative disorders ( Ferrarelli et al. 2007 ) and aging ( Purcell et al. 2017 ).”
BackgroundComparison of some spectral analysis methods in detection of sleep spindles using YSA
Özşen, S., Dursun, M., & Yosunkaya, Ş. (2015) · Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) · doi:10.1109/siu.2015.7129904 · Cited by 1
“Çoğunlukla band geçiren filtreleme ve genlik eşiklemesi yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır [2-5].”
Joint Heritability of Sleep EEG Spindle Activity and Thalamic Volume in Early Adolescence
Markovic, A., Veen, D., Hamann, C., Adorjan, K., Kaess, M., Tuura, R., & Tarokh, L. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1138-24.2025 · Cited by 1
Detection of sleep spindles in NREM 2 sleep stages: Preliminary study & benchmarking of algorithms
Pallanca, O., Khalife, S., & Read, J. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm.2018.8621305 · Cited by 1
A Human-Machine Coupled System for Efficient Sleep Spindle Detection by Iterative RevisionPreprint
Bi, D. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/454488 · Cited by 1
Muehlroth, B. E., Sander, M. C., Fandakova, Y., Grandy, T. H., Rasch, B., Shing, Y. L., & Werkle‐Bergner, M. (2018) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 4
Sleep spindles and cognition in depressionPreprint
Bovy, L., Dresler, M., & Weber, F. D. (2017) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/waz3d · Cited by 1
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Electrophysiological monitoring of inhibition in mammalian species, from rodents to humansPreprint
Peyrache, A., & Alain Destexhe, A. (2019) · Frenxiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31226/osf.io/a69dt · Cited by 1
Nutrition, Sleep, and Exercise as Healthy Behaviors in Schizotypy: A Scoping ReviewPreprint
Wong, K. K., & Raine, A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/54bv3 · Cited by 1
The dog as a model-animal in comparative sleep spindle research
Iotchev, I. B. (2020) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2020.142 · Cited by 1
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The Infraslow Fluctuation of Sigma Power During Sleep in Young Individuals with SchizophreniaPreprint
Dimitriades, M. E., Schumacher, E., Arudchelvam, J., Fattinger, S., Kurth, S., Pugin, F., Wehrle, F. M., Jaramillo, V., Volk, C., Leach, S., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650209 · Cited by 1
“Sleep spindles were detected using an amplitude-based thresholding approach (Ferrarelli et al., 2007).”
Self-citationBruno, S., Mat, B., Schaeffer, E. L., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.26346398 · Cited by 1
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Multitaper Time-frequency Peak-based Longitudinal Sleep Analysis in 5XFAD Mouse ModelPreprint
Kim, C., Drew, V. J., Park, M.-C., & Kim, T. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-779142/v1
“[12], based on clinical spindle analysis from Ferrarelli et al.[13] The sigma frequency range was band-filtered at 10-15Hz for NREM epochs scored manually based on vision.”
MethodClinical Assessment of Comorbid Insomnias: Insomnia in Psychiatric Disorders
Rumble, M. E., & Benca, R. M. (2010) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420080803.013
Nutrition, Sleep, and Exercise as Healthy Behaviors in Schizotypy: A Scoping ReviewPreprint
Wong, K. K., & Raine, A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/65zqm
Schlafspindeln – Funktion, Detektion und Nutzung als Biomarker für die psychiatrische Diagnostik
Schneider, J., Schwabedal, J. T. C., & Bialonski, S. (2022) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-022-01340-z
A Review of Oscillatory Brain Dynamics in Schizophrenia
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Hemispherotomy: a cortical island of sleep-like activity in awake humansPreprint
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Self-citationDo twitching and twitch-spindle coupling differ between N2 and N3 sleep in 6-month-olds?Preprint
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“Moreover, spindle disruption in various neurological and psychiatric conditions could provide a biomarker for such disorders as schizophrenia or Alzheimer’s disease (Ferrarelli et al., 2007; Rauchs et al., 2008).”
Walsh, N. A., Phillips, E.-M., Páez, A., Cross, N. E., Dang‐Vu, T. T., & Perrault, A. A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700353
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Genuinely Blind Identification of Sleep Spindles through Trispectral Modulation AnalysisPreprint
Kovach, C. K., Gliske, S., West, L. C., Liu, J. V., Summers, M. O., Kumar, S., Gonzales, J., Cox, O., Tsang, E. W., Thompson, J. A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.24.746784
“…a priori Adaptive (strong priors) Trained on human labels Fully data-driven (minimal priors, no labels) Bandpass + amplitude criterion [18; 36; 37; 19; 38; 21; 39; 20 Signal pre-processing For each MASS recording, the channel scored by MODA scorers (C3, referenced to linked ear), was downsampled…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Ferrarelli, F., Huber, R., Peterson, M. J., Massimini, M., Murphy, M., Riedner, B. A., Watson, A., Bria, P., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation (IT)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 483-492
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2077633827
- Cited by
- 541
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, sleep spindles, high-density EEG, sleep rhythm, thalamic reticular nucleus, thalamocortical connections, corticothalamic connections, depression, biomarkers, EEG power spectra
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Parietal Lobe, Reticular Formation, Schizophrenia, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Thalamus, Biomarkers
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