Cited by 172Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMental Health Research Topics

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Ventral Striatum Functional Connectivity as a Predictor of Adolescent Depressive Disorder in a Longitudinal Community-Based Sample

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Pan, Pedro Mario, Sato, João R., Salum, Giovanni A., Rohde, Luis A., Gadelha, Ary, Zugman, Andre, Mari, Jair, Jackowski, Andrea, Picon, Felipe, Miguel, Eurípedes C., Pine, Daniel S., Leibenluft, Ellen, Bressan, Rodrigo A., Stringaris, Argyris·2017·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040430PMC PMC10752293

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have implicated aberrant reward processing in the pathogenesis of adolescent depression. However, no study has used functional connectivity within a distributed reward network, assessed using resting-state functional MRI (fMRI), to predict the onset of depression in adolescents. This study used reward network-based functional connectivity at baseline to predict depressive disorder at follow-up in a community sample of adolescents. METHOD: A total of 637 children 6-12 years old underwent resting-state fMRI. Discovery and replication analyses tested intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) among nodes of a putative reward network. Logistic regression tested whether striatal node strength, a measure of reward-related iFC, predicted onset of a depressive disorder at 3-year follow-up. Further analyses investigated the specificity of this prediction. RESULTS: Increased left ventral striatum node strength predicted increased risk for future depressive disorder (odds ratio=1.54, 95% CI=1.09-2.18), even after excluding participants who had depressive disorders at baseline (odds ratio=1.52, 95% CI=1.05-2.20). Among 11 reward-network nodes, only the left ventral striatum significantly predicted depression. Striatal node strength did not predict other common adolescent psychopathology, such as anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant ventral striatum functional connectivity specifically predicts future risk for depressive disorder. This finding further emphasizes the need to understand how brain reward networks contribute to youth depression.

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Kroll, D. S., Feldman, D. E., Wang, S.-Y., Zhang, R., Manza, P., Wiers, C. E., Volkow, N. D., & Wang, G. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117099 · Cited by 22
“Interestingly, studies indicated that blunted striatal activity was associated with depressive symptoms, but not substance use or SUD (Insel et al., 2019; Pan et al., 2017), in contrast to our original hypothesis (Jaworska et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Is the encoding of Reward Prediction Error reliable during development?
Keren, H., Chen, G., Benson, B. E., Ernst, M., Leibenluft, E., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., & Stringaris, A. K. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.039 · Cited by 19
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Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor on prefrontal-striatal connectivity is dependent on the level of TNF-α in patients with major depressive disorder
Liu, K., Zhao, X., Lu, X., Zhu, X., Chen, H., Wang, M., Yan, W., Jing, L., Deng, Y., Yu, L., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003616 · Cited by 18
Long‐term stability of the cortical volumetric profile and the functional human connectome throughout childhood and adolescence
Sato, J. R., Biazoli, C. E., Zugman, A., Pan, P. M., Bueno, A. P. A., Moura, L. M., Gadelha, A., Picon, F. A., Amaro, E., Salum, G. A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15435 · Cited by 17
“Details on the assessment and the procedures can be found in Salum et al. (2015) and Pan et al. (2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Prolonged Longitudinal Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Effect on Striatal Functional Connectivity in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Zhang, S., He, J., Wang, Y., Zhong, G., Zhao, Y., Li, S.-Y., Xiao, X., Zheng-yi, Y., Zhao, B., Wang, L., et al. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12121730 · Cited by 18
“The other study confirmed that ventral striatum FC could specifically predict the potential risk of adolescent depressive disorders [32].”
Modulation of anterior cingulate cortex reward and penalty signalling in medication-naive young-adult subjects with depressive symptoms following acute dose lurasidone
Wolke, S., Mehta, M. A., O’Daly, O., Zelaya, F. O., Zahreddine, N., Keren, H., O’Callaghan, G., Young, A. H., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003306 · Cited by 17
“For example, the ACC and ventral striatum (VS) show functional connectivity at rest (Pan et al ., 2017) and input from the ACC to the VS allows for flexible deployment and adaptation of behaviour to changing circum-stances (Holroyd and Coles, 2002; Walton et al ., 2007; Alexander and Brown, 2011;…”
Self-citation
Intrinsic neural circuitry of depression in adolescent females
Jin, J., Snellenberg, J. X. V., Perlman, G., DeLorenzo, C., Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., & Mohanty, A. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13123 · Cited by 20
“Recent studies show that alterations in RSFC of amygdala (Callaghan et al., 2017), striatum (Pan et al., 2017), as well as ACC and medial frontal gyrus (Ho et al., 2017) individually are associated with adolescent depression; however, no studies to our knowledge have examined whether the entire…”
Result
Translational application of neuroimaging in major depressive disorder: a review of psychoradiological studies
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Vrijen, C., Hartman, C. A., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.009 · Cited by 18
“12 Our ﬁ ndings also are consistent with cognitive neuropsychological models of depression according to which biases toward negative and away from positive information have a central causal role in the development of depression 32 and with earlier suggestions that these biases might be driven by a…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Increased ASL-CBF in the right amygdala predicts the first onset of depression in healthy young first-degree relatives of patients with major depression
Zhang, N., Qin, J., Yan, J., Zhu, Y., Xu, Y., Zhu, X., Ju, S., & Li, Y. (2019) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x19861909 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, in a longitudinal community-based sample, Pan et al.9 indicated that aberrant left ventral striatum functional connectivity specifically predicts the onset of adolescent depressive disorder.”
Background
Childhood trauma and adolescent psychotic experiences in a community-based cohort: The potential role of positive attributes as a protective factor
Pan, P. M., Gadelha, A., Argôlo, F. C., Hoffmann, M. S., Arcadepani, F. B., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A., McGuire, P. K., Salum, G. A., & Bressan, R. A. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.044 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Abnormal resting‐state effective connectivity in reward network among long‐term male smokers
Zhang, M., Gao, X., Yang, Z., Han, S., Zhou, B., Niu, X., Wang, W., Wei, Y., Cheng, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13221 · Cited by 16
Covid-19 and Mental Health: Could Visual Art Exposure Help?
Gallo, L. M. H., Giampietro, V., Zunszain, P. A., & Tan, K. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650314 · Cited by 19
“Stress responses regulated by the HPA system control body peripheral functions, like metabolism and immunity, while having an intense effect on the brain (Pariante and Lightman, 2008).”
Background
Frontostriatal circuitry as a target for fMRI-based neurofeedback interventions: A systematic review
Orth, L., Meeh, J., Gur, R. C., Neuner, I., & Sarkheil, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.933718 · Cited by 14
“, 2013), depression (Pan et al., 2017), and ADHD (Plichta and Scheres, 2014), three studies investigated the NF training of the ventral striatum.”
Background
Subcallosal Cingulate Structural Connectivity Differs in Responders and Nonresponders to Electroconvulsive Therapy
Tsolaki, E. C., Narr, K. L., Espinoza, R. T., Wade, B., Hellemann, G., Kubicki, A., Vasavada, M. M., Njau, S. N., & Pouratian, N. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.05.010 · Cited by 14
Altered cerebral activities and functional connectivity in depression: a systematic review of fMRI studies
Li, X., Chen, X., & Yan, C. (2022) · Quantitative Biology · doi:10.15302/j-qb-021-0270 · Cited by 13
Detecting Suicide Ideation in the Era of Social Media: The Population Neuroscience Perspective
Morese, R., Gruebner, O., Sykora, M. D., Elayan, S., Fadda, M., & Albanese, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.652167 · Cited by 17
“(26) in a resting-state fMRI study reported that aberrant connectivity in the ventral striatum (i.”
Background
The externalizing and internalizing pathways to marijuana use initiation: Examining the synergistic effects of impulsiveness and sensation seeking.
Wasserman, A. M., Shaw-Meadow, K. J., Moon, T., Karns‐Wright, T. E., Mathias, C. W., Hill‐Kapturczak, N., & Dougherty, D. M. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001267 · Cited by 13
Development of Reward Circuitry During Adolescence: Depression, Social Context, and Considerations for Future Research on Disparities in Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
Eckstrand, K., Lenniger, C. J., & Forbes, E. E. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-040820 · Cited by 13
Multiscale neurobiological correlates of human neuroticism
Xu, Q., Liu, F., Qin, W., Jiang, T., & Yu, C. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25153 · Cited by 11
“…depressive and anxiety disorders (Griffith et al., 2010), its neural substrate, ventral striatum functional connectivity may be associated with these disorders, which is supported by the predictive value of this connectivity for future risk in adolescents for depressive disorder (Pan et al., 2017).”
Background
Improve cognition of depressive patients through the regulation of basal ganglia connectivity: Combined medication using Shuganjieyu capsule
Liu, S., Zhao, W., Li, Y., Li, X., Li, J., Cao, H., Yang, Z., & Xu, Y. J. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.013 · Cited by 11
Neural substrates for dissociation of cognition inhibition in autogenous- and reactive-type obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fan, J., Xia, J., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Du, H., Gao, F., Han, Y., Yu, Q., Lu, J., Xiao, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.031 · Cited by 10
Depression in mothers at childhood: Direct and indirect association with problematic gaming in late adolescence/young adulthood
Roza, T. H., Rabelo‐da‐Ponte, F. D., Spritzer, D. T., Hoffmann, M. S., Massuda, R., Salum, G. A., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A., Pan, P. M., Kessler, F. H. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.022 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Chasing the Holy Grail: Developmentally Informed Research on Frontostriatal Reward Circuitry in Depression
Forbes, E. E. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20060848 · Cited by 9
Frontostriatal Networks Undergo Functional Specialization during Adolescence That Follows a Ventral–Dorsal Gradient: Developmental Trajectories and Longitudinal Associations
Klein, S. D., Collins, P. F., Wun, V. L., Grund, P. M., & Luciana, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1233-23.2025 · Cited by 12
Behavioral Activation as a Principle-Based Treatment: Developments from a Multi-Site Collaboration to Advance Adolescent Depression Treatment
Jenness, J. L., DeLonga, K., Lewandowski, R. E., Spiro, C. N., Crowe, K., Martell, C. R., Towbin, K. E., Stringaris, A. K., & McCauley, E. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2022.2042871 · Cited by 8
“…reward, including the striatum and other basal ganglia structures, reach their developmental peak during adolescence (Urošević et al., 2012), and aberrations in ventral striatum functioning in healthy youth predict subsequent onset of depressive symptoms (Pan et al., 2017; Stringaris et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Polygenic risk score for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and brain functional networks segregation in a community‐based sample
Sato, J. R., Biazoli, C. E., Bueno, A. P. A., Caye, A., Pan, P. M., Santoro, M. L., Mauer, J., Salum, G. A., Hoexter, M. Q., Bressan, R. A., et al. (2023) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12838 · Cited by 8
“and Pan et al.(36) The subjects are the same described in Salum et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Use of mobile technology to identify behavioral mechanisms linked to mental health outcomes in Kenya: protocol for development and validation of a predictive model
Njoroge, W., Maina, R., Frank, E., Atwoli, L., Wu, Z., Ngugi, A. K., Sen, S., Wang, J., Wong, S., Baker, J. A., et al. (2023) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-023-06498-6 · Cited by 8
“Such methods have been known to reduce false positive and false negative rates [37] in inferring the relations among mobile phenotypes and between the mobile phenotypes and the daily mood scores.”
Frontolimbic Network Topology Associated With Risk and Presence of Depression in Adolescents: A Study Using a Composite Risk Score in Brazil
Yoon, L., Rohrsetzer, F., Battel, L., Anés, M., Manfro, P. H., Rohde, L. A., Viduani, A. C., Zajkowska, Z., Mondelli, V., Kieling, C., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.008 · Cited by 10
“Indeed, the majority of adolescent depression rsFC studies have focused on the amygdala (3,5,35–38), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (4,8,39–41), PFC (10,42), striatal regions (43,44), and hippocampus (40,45,46) and found their altered connectivity with other brain regions in high-risk and depressed adolescents (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Causal relationship between resting-state networks and depression: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study
Huang, D., Wu, Y., Yue, J., & Wang, X. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05857-2 · Cited by 7
“For instance, Pan et al. revealed that ventral striatal FC could predict the risk of depressive disorders, which contrasts with the nonsignificant consequences observed in the pres-ent study [47].”
Result
Predicting the onset of internalizing disorders in early adolescence using deep learning optimized with AI
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Population neuroscience: challenges and opportunities for psychiatric research in low- and middle-income countries
Cirillo, A., Diniz, E., Gadelha, A., Asevedo, E. D. M., Axelrud, L. K., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A., Bressan, R. A., Pan, P. M., & Mari, J. D. J. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0761 · Cited by 7
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The Motor, Cognitive, Affective, and Autonomic Functions of the Basal Ganglia
Moustafa, A. A., Mandali, A., Balasubramani, P. P., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2018) · Cognitive science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8494-2_3 · Cited by 8
Neuroimaging adolescents with depression in a middle-income country: feasibility of an fMRI protocol and preliminary results
Battel, L., Swartz, J. R., Anés, M., Manfro, P. H., Rohde, L. A., Viduani, A. C., Mondelli, V., & Kieling, C. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0508 · Cited by 7
“In Brazil, only one large neuroimaging study designed to assess various outcomes in terms of psychopathology with published data on youth depression is available.(19) Considering that depression has been inversely associated with socioeconomic status and educational levels in both high-income(3) and low- and middle-in…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cohort Profile: Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Mental Health Conditions (BHRC)
Salum, G. A., de Giusti, C., Souza, L., Juk, J., da Costa, R. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., Simioni, A., Rocha, P. B., Manfro, G. G., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf192 · Cited by 8
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Computational modelling of the speed–accuracy tradeoff: No evidence for an association with depression symptomatology
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A narrative historical review of psychiatric epidemiology in Brazil: Focus on social and cultural determinants of mental health
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Apathy in melancholic depression and abnormal neural activity within the reward-related circuit
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Functional connectivity changes with rapid remission from moderate-to-severe major depressive disorderPreprint
Xiao, X., Bentzley, B. S., Cole, E. J., Tischler, C., Stimpson, K. H., Duvio, D., Bishop, J. H., DeSouza, D. D., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, C. J., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/672154 · Cited by 7
The mediating effect of the striatum-based connectivity on the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and anhedonia in adolescents with depressive disorder
Liang, N., Xue, Z., Yu, W., Yang, X., Ma, Y., Xu, J., Sun, Y., Shen, Y., Li, H., Lu, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.116 · Cited by 5
Functional Abnormality of the Reward System in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults with and without Suicidal Behavior
Qiu, H., Cao, J., Wang, R., Li, X., Kuang, L., & Ouyang, Z. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01036-4 · Cited by 5
“…study of MDD patients found that functional connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS) in childhood predicted the risk of future depression(Pan et al. 2017), and deviations in reward processing during adolescence predicted future MDD diagnosis and increased risk of MDD…”
Understanding the benefits of extrinsic emotion regulation in depression
Massarwe, A. O., & Cohen, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120653 · Cited by 10
“Depression is also known to be associated with altered intrinsic connectivity within the ventral striatum (Pan et al., 2017).”
Background
Abnormal effective connectivity of reward network in first-episode schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
Chen, J., Wei, Y., Xue, K., Han, S., Li, W., Zhou, B., & Cheng, J. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.023 · Cited by 4
Structural connectivity of thalamic subnuclei in major depressive disorder: An ultra-high resolution diffusion MRI study at 7-Tesla
Liu, W., Heij, J., Liu, S., Liebrand, L. C., Caan, M. W. A., van der Zwaag, W., Veltman, D. J., Lü, L., Aghajani, M., & van Wingen, G. A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.009 · Cited by 5
Ventral striatal-cingulate resting-state functional connectivity in healthy adolescents relates to later depression symptoms in adulthood
Giacco, A. C. D., Morales, A. M., Jones, S. A., Barnes, S. J., & Nagel, B. J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.028 · Cited by 4
Structural connectivity of dopaminergic pathways in major depressive disorder: An ultra-high resolution 7-Tesla diffusion MRI study
Liu, W., Heij, J., Liu, S., Liebrand, L. C., Caan, M. W. A., van der Zwaag, W., Veltman, D. J., Lü, L., Aghajani, M., & van Wingen, G. A. (2024) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.07.014 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, elevated node strength in the left striatum seems indicative of an elevated risk of developing depressive disorder in the future (Pan et al., 2017).”
Background

Authors: Pan, P. M., Sato, J. R., Salum, G. A., Rohde, L. A., Gadelha, A., Zugman, A., Mari, J., Jackowski, A., Picon, F., Miguel, E. C., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., Bressan, R. A., & Stringaris, A.
Affiliations: From the Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; the Mood, Brain, and Development Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; Center for Mathematics, Computing, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; the Department and Institute of...
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
ORCID: Sato, João R.
Salum, Giovanni A.
Gadelha, Ary
Mari, Jair
Jackowski, Andrea
Picon, Felipe
Pine, Daniel S.
Leibenluft, Ellen
Bressan, Rodrigo A.
Stringaris, Argyris
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2017-11-01
Volume: 174
Issue: 11
Pages: 1112-1119
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040430
PMC: PMC10752293
OpenAlex: W2758286034
Cited by: 156
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 8.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
Wellcome Trust
University of Cambridge
University College London
University of Oxford
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2014/, 14/50917-0, 13/08531-5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (2014‐2, 2013/08531-5, 465550/2014-2, CNPq 465550/2014-2)
H. Lundbeck A/S
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002781, Z01MH002782)
Daiichi Sankyo Europe
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: ventral striatum, functional connectivity, adolescent depression, reward processing, reward network, intrinsic functional connectivity, risk prediction, children and adolescents, longitudinal prediction
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Brain, Brazil, Child, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reward, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Risk Assessment, Functional Neuroimaging, Ventral Striatum

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Ventral Striatum Functional Connectivity as a Predictor of Adolescent Depressive Disorder in a Longitudinal Community-Based Sample

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