Validation of the Empowerment Scale With an Outpatient Mental Health Population
Abstract
The validity of the Empowerment Scale was examined in an adult outpatient mental health population. A survey was mailed to 2,000 consumers in the South Carolina outpatient public mental health system, and 283 completed surveys were received, a response rate of 16.5 percent. Reliability and factor analyses confirmed five subscales of empowerment: esteem, power, activism, anger, and control. Respondents with full-time jobs scored significantly higher on overall empowerment and on the esteem, anger, and power subscales. Respondents with college experience scored higher on overall empowerment and the power subscale. Results indicate adequate validity of the scale in this population and provide direction for research on empowerment as a process and outcome variable.
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Anger may initially be viewed as enabling victims to become empowered.
“Anger may also initially be viewed as enabling victims to become empowered (Rogers et al. 1997; Wowra and McCarter 1999).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as Wowra and McCarter 1999
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- Authors
- Wowra, S. A., & McCarter, R.
- Affiliations
- South Carolina State Department of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 959-961
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W1973733514
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Community Health and Development
- Keywords
- empowerment scale, empowerment, scale validation, public mental health system, esteem, power, activism, anger, control, employment, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Power, Psychological, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Regression Analysis, Self Concept, South Carolina, Reproducibility of Results
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