A consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: A scale to measure the personal construct of empowerment as defined by consumers of mental health services was developed and field tested. METHODS: After extensive development, pilot testing, and analyses, a 28-item scale to measure empowerment was tested on 271 members of six self-help programs in six states. Factor analyses were used to identify the underlying dimensions of empowerment. To establish the scale's reliability and validity, responses were factor analyzed, and other analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Analyses revealed five factors: self-efficacy-self-esteem, power-powerlessness, community activism, righteous anger, and optimism-control over the future. Empowerment was related to quality of life and income but not to the demographic variables of age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, or employment status. Empowerment was inversely related to use of traditional mental health services and positively related to community activism. CONCLUSIONS: The findings set a framework for a clearer understanding of the imprecise and overused concept of empowerment. The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency and some evidence for validity. Further testing must be done to establish whether it has discriminant validity and is sensitive to change.
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Empowerment consists of a sense of self-worth, self-efficacy, and power.
“Rogers et al. (1997) stated that empowerment consists of a sense of self-worth, self-efficacy, and power.”
From Effects of patient-driven iCBT for anxiety in routine primary care and the relation between increased experience of empowerment and outcome: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Rogers et al., 1997
The empowerment scale (Making Decisions Scale; Rogers et al., 1997) is a self-assessment scale constructed to measure perceptions of empowerment.
“(Making Decisions Scale; Rogers et al., 1997) is a self-assessment scale constructed to measure perceptions of empowerment.”
From Effects of patient-driven iCBT for anxiety in routine primary care and the relation between increased experience of empowerment and outcome: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Rogers et al., 1997
Anger may initially be viewed as enabling victims to become empowered.
“Anger may also initially be viewed as enabling victims to become empowered (Rogers et al. 1997; Wowra and McCarter 1999).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as Rogers et al. 1997
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Purcell, D. W., Latka, M. H., Metsch, L. R., Latkin, C. A., Gomez, C. A., Mizuno, Y., Arnsten, J. H., Wilkinson, J. D., Knight, K. R., Knowlton, A. R., et al. (2007) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31815767c4 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The theory of empowerment: A critical analysis with the theory evaluation scale
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Instruments for measuring mental health recovery: A systematic review
Sklar, M., Groessl, E. J., O’Connell, M. J., Davidson, L., & Aarons, G. A. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Psychological empowerment on social media: Who are the empowered users?
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Hansson, L. I., & Björkman, T. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2004.00310.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Empowerment and its implications for clinical practice in mental health: A review
Fitzsimons, S., & Fuller, R. (2002) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230020023 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Krajewski, C., Burazeri, G., & Brand, H. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.013 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Muñoz, M., Sanz, M., Santos, E. P., & Quiroga, M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.06.019 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Jason, L. A., Jordan, K. M., Miike, T., Bell, D. S., Lapp, C. W., Torres‐Harding, S., Rowe, K., Gurwitt, A., Meirleir, K. D., & Hoof, E. V. (2006) · Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome · doi:10.1300/j092v13n02_01 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Wolbring, G., & Nguyen, A. (2023) · Trends in Higher Education · doi:10.3390/higheredu2010011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Assessing recovery from schizophrenia as an individual process. A review of self-report instruments
Cavelti, M., Kvrgić, S., Beck, E., Kossowsky, J., & Vauth, R. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.01.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Patient Empowerment in Clinical Genetics Services
McAllister, M., Payne, K., MacLeod, R., Nicholls, S. G., Donnai, D., & Davies, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308095063 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Tenant Outcomes in Supported Housing and Community Residences in New York City
Siegel, C., Samuels, J., Tang, D., Berg, I., Jones, K., & Hopper, K. J. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.7.982 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Jonikas, J. A., Grey, D. D., Copeland, M. E., Razzano, L. A., Hamilton, M. M., Floyd, C. B., Hudson, W. B., & Cook, J. Α. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9475-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Martin, A. E., & Phillips, K. W. (2017) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.07.004 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rogers, E. S., Chamberlin, J., Ellison, M. L., & Crean, T.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 1997-08-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1042-1047
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W51019709
- Cited by
- 854
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 17.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Community Health and Development
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- empowerment, mental health service users, scale development, self-help programs, self-efficacy, self-esteem, powerlessness, community activism, righteous anger, optimism, quality of life, mental health service utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Community Participation, Consumer Behavior, Humans, Internal-External Control, Mental Health Services, Personality Inventory, Pilot Projects, Power, Psychological, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Self Concept, Self-Help Groups, United States, Reproducibility of Results
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