The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Flexible Work Schedules: Which Workers Get Them?
Abstract
More than 27% of the U.S. workforce now reports having an ability to alter their daily starting and ending times of work. Yet, provision of flexibility in the timing of work is not keeping pace with demand. Moreover, there is much disparity in access to schedule flexibility by workers' demographic, work, and job characteristics. Probit estimation finds that the probability that a worker has such flexibility is reduced by being female, non-White, and less educated. The likelihood is increased by being self-employed, in college, married, part-time, in certain occupations and industries, and working 50 or more hours per week. Flexibility is reduced for those working a standard day shift or 40-hour workweek. Workers thus sacrifice either leisure time or income to gain better access to flexibility in the scheduling of work, or they endure the costs of job mobility. Public policy should focus on delivering more flexible schedules to the excluded 73%.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.i · Cited by 7,220
Industrial and Labor Relations review
Cholette, G. (1949) · Relations industrielles · doi:10.7202/1023268ar · Cited by 1,521
The 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce
Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J. E. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 535
The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment
Feldman, D. (1996) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(96)90030-6 · Cited by 422
Flexible Working Hours, Family Responsibilities, and Female Self‐Employment
Boden, R. J. (1999) · American Journal of Economics and Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03285.x · Cited by 292
Who Are the Overworked Americans?
Jacobs, J. A., & Green, K. (1998) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/00346769800000044 · Cited by 260
Labor Supply Preferences, Hours Constraints, and Hours-Wage Trade-offs
Altonji, J. G., & Paxson, C. H. (1988) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/298183 · Cited by 249
Employer Characteristics and the Provision of Family Responsive Policies
GLASS, J., & FUJIMOTO, T. (1995) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888495022004002 · Cited by 196
Labor Supply Preferences, Hours Constraints, and Hours-Wage Tradeoffs
Altonji, J., & Paxson, C. (1987) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w2121 · Cited by 193
Presser, H. B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1778 · Cited by 180
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- Beers, T., 2000, Monthly Labor Review, 122, 3
- 10.1080/00346769800000046 · doi:10.1080/00346769800000046
- Conference Board, 1999, Work-family roundtable, 8, 2
- Daniels, S., 1997, National underwriting, 101, 23
- Duncan, G., 1982, American Economic Review, 72, 868
- Eastman, W., 1998, Industrial Relations, 37, 51, 10.1111/0019-8676.711998034 · doi:10.1111/0019-8676.711998034
- Fagan, C., Seventh International Seminar on Working Time
- 10.1177/014920639602200302 · doi:10.1177/014920639602200302 · Paper page
- Ferber, M., 1998, Monthly Labor Review, 121, 3
- Firestein, N. (Ed.). (1998a, Summer). Labor Project for Working Families, 6(3).
- Firestein, N. (Ed.). (1998b, Fall). Labor Project for Working Families, 6(4).
- Firestein, N. (Ed.). (1999, Winter). Labor Project for Working Families, 7(1).
- Fisher, A., 1998, Fortune, 138, 220
- Golden, L. (1996, Spring). The economics of worktime length, adjustment, and flexibility: Contributions of three competing paradigms. Review of Social Economy , 1-44. · DOI
- Golden, L., Law and economics and the labor market, 132
- Golden, L., Teaching the social economics way Of thinking: Selected papers from the ninth world congress of social economics, 423
- Greenwald, J., 1998, Business Insurance, 32, 3
- Hamermesh, D., Work days, work hours, work schedules: Evidence for the United States and Germany
- Hein, K., 1999, Incentive, 173, 7
- 1999, HR Focus, 76, 4
- Kalleberg, A., 1995, Washington and Lee Law Review, 52, 772
- Kush, K. & Stroh, L. (1994, Fall). Flextime: The imaginary innovation. Business Horizons , 51-55. · doi:10.1016/0007-6813(94)90019-1
- Landers, R., 1996, American Economic Review, 86, 329
- 10.2307/1229256 · doi:10.2307/1229256
- McShulskis, E., 1997, HR Magazine, 42, 26
- Romano, C. (1994). What is your flexibility factor? Management Review , 9.
- Rottenberg, S., 1995, Journal of Labor Research, 98
- Schor, J., The overspent American
- Schor, J., 1994, Chicago-Kent Law, 70, 157
- 10.1111/j.0013-0133.1997.175.x · doi:10.1111/j.0013-0133.1997.175.x
- Vincola, A., 1998, Workforce, 77, 70
- Walsh, D. J., 1999, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 20, 74
- 1998, HR Focus, 75, S6
Cited by
Stamatakis, K. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Roberts, R. E. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.096 · Cited by 377
Blessing or Curse?: Work-Family Policies and Mother’s Wage Growth Over Time
Glass, J. (2004) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888404266364 · Cited by 338
Work‐life policy implementation: Breaking down or creating barriers to inclusiveness?
Ryan, A. M., & Kossek, E. E. (2008) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20213 · Cited by 304
Discontinuities and continuities: a new way to understand virtual work
Beth Watson‐Manheim, M., Chudoba, K. M., & Crowston, K. (2002) · Information Technology & People · doi:10.1108/09593840210444746 · Cited by 258
Beach Time, Bridge Time, and Billable Hours: The Temporal Structure of Technical Contracting
Evans, J. A., Kunda, G., & Barley, S. R. (2004) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4131454 · Cited by 234
Metadata
- Authors
- GOLDEN, L.
- Venue
- American Behavioral Scientist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1157-1178
- ISSN
- 0002-7642 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3381
- OpenAlex
- W2074914660
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 19
- FWCI
- 20.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Flexible Work Schedules: Which Workers Get Them? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/00027640121956700
- The paper
- GOLDEN, L. (2001). Flexible Work Schedules: Which Workers Get Them? American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027640121956700
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
