CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 377Sleep and related disordersHealth disparities and outcomesSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Short Sleep Duration Across Income, Education, and Race/Ethnic Groups: Population Prevalence and Growing Disparities During 34 Years of Follow-Up

Open access
Stamatakis, Katherine A., Kaplan, George A., Roberts, Robert E.·2007·Annals of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.096PMC PMC2140008
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose Little is known about population determinants of short sleep duration. The authors examined associations between short sleep duration and income, education and race/ethnicity, and assessed changes over time in relative disparities.Methods Questionnaire data from the Alameda County Health and Ways of Living Study (ACS) was obtained at five time-points (1965, 1974, 1983, 1994, and 1999) for short sleep duration (<7 hours sleep per night). Household income, education level, and race/ethnicity were assessed at baseline (n = 6,928). Odds ratios were computed to examine short sleep duration across income, education and race/ethnicity, adjusting for age, sex and time-varying covariates, and to assess changes over time.Results Prevalence of short sleep at baseline was 15.2%. The (age-adjusted) odds of short sleep was increased for the lowest household income quintile (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-1.94), those with less than high school education (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.30-1.75), and among African Americans (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.68-2.30). Relative disparities increased over time for African-American and Hispanic, compared with white, participants.Conclusions Socioeconomic position is a robust determinant of short sleep duration, even after adjusting for health-related characteristics linked to short sleep duration.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.096

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Several studies have shown that those of lower socio-economic position are more likely to be short sleepers.

    “In addition, several studies have shown that those of lower socio-economic position are more likely to be short sleepers (Stamatakis et al., 2007; Whinnery et al., 2014).”

    From Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? (2014) · cites this paper as Stamatakis et al., 2007

  • African-American and 'other' race/ethnicities, but not Hispanic, are consistently associated with short sleep duration.

    “For example, Stamatakis and colleagues found that African-American and ‘other’ race/ethnicities (but not Hispanic) were consistently associated with short sleep duration (Stamatakis et al., 2007).”

    From Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? (2014) · cites this paper as Stamatakis et al., 2007

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [20]National Sleep Foundation. 2005 Sleep in America Poll: Summary Findings. 2005 [Google Scholar]
  2. [36]Lynch J, Kaplan GA. Socioeconomic Position. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 13–35. [Google Scholar]
  3. [39]Dinges D, Fomberstein K, William J, Banks S. Waking activities associated with reduced sleep time. Sleep. 2006;29:408. [Google Scholar]
  4. [42]Bureau of Labor Statistics. Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in May 2004. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor; 2005. [Google Scholar]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Stamatakis, K. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Roberts, R. E.
Affiliations
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Corresponding author
Stamatakis, Katherine A.
ORCID
Stamatakis, Katherine A.
Venue
Annals of Epidemiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-12
Volume
17
Issue
12
Pages
948-955
ISSN
1047-2797 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.096
PMC
PMC2140008
OpenAlex
W2056425323
Cited by
377
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
FWCI
11.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Annals of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (R37AG011375)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL044199)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD047861, P50HD038986)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords
short sleep duration, insufficient sleep, socioeconomic disparities, household income, educational attainment, race and ethnicity, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, prevalence trends, socioeconomic position
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, Prevalence, Health Status Disparities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review