Divided We Stand, United We Fall: Religious Pluralism, Giving, and Volunteering
Open accessAbstract
This article examines to what extent religious context influences giving to, and volunteering for, religious causes—both directly and through increased attendance at religious services—and whether it has unintended spillover effects on giving and volunteering for secular purposes. Results from individuals living in a sample of counties in the United States indicate that a high level of religious pluralism is not associated with an increase in the probability that individuals will attend religious services regularly. Religious pluralism is, however, directly and positively associated with religious volunteering, while the association is not statistically significant for giving. Increases in religious volunteering associated with a high level of religious pluralism do not displace secular volunteering. There is no minority effect: individuals are equally likely to give to, and volunteer for, religious and secular causes whether they live in counties where their religious group represents the majority or the minority of the total population of religious adherents. As the proportion of the population in a county who is religious increases, so does the probability that any one individual will give to, and volunteer for, religious causes. I do not, however, find a relationship between the devoutness of a religious community and an individual's propensity to give to, and volunteer for, secular causes.
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Results are generally supportive of a positive correlation between religious pluralism and volunteering.
“The results are generally supportive of a positive correlation between religious pluralism and volunteering (Borgonovi 2008), which accords well with the longstanding intellectual account and popular image of religious, voluntary associations as a major player in the civic life of America (Bellah 1992; de Tocqueville 2004; Wilson and Janoski 1995; Wuthnow 2004).”
From Catholicism and Its Civic Engagement (2014) · cites this paper as Borgonovi 2008
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“Studies have also examined the effects of positive emotions during religious services (Corcoran 2015), religious scandals (Bottan and Perez-Truglia 2015), religious pluralism (Borgonovi 2008), and religious market share (Perl and Olson 2000) on religious giving.”
BackgroundInfluentialFormal and informal volunteering in Hungary. Similairities and differences
Perpék, É. (2012) · Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.14267/cjssp.2012.01.03 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Subjective Age and the Greater Good
Park, J. H., Huang, S., Rozenkrants, B., & Kupor, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1177 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Woodyard, A. S., & Grable, J. E. (2013) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-013-9382-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Petrovic, K., Chapman, C. M., & Schofield, T. P. (2018) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000236 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Religious pluralism and the transmission of religious values through education
Cohen‐Zada, D., & Elder, T. E. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Some of these studies find a positive association between pluralism and participation (Hamberg and Pettersson, 1994; Finke, Guest, and Stark, 1996; North and Staha, 2004) while others find a negative association (Breault, 1989a, 1989b; Bruce, 1992; Chaves and Cann, 1992; Olson, 1999; Borgonovi, 2008). However, a semin…”
BackgroundLu, Y., & Yang, X. Y. (2020) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146520904373 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In the United States, past research found that people are more likely to volunteer in counties with higher levels of religious diversity (Borgonovi 2008).”
BackgroundModeling the Effects of Religious Belief and Affiliation on Prosociality
Galen, L. W., Gore, R. J., & Shults, F. L. (2021) · Secularism and Nonreligion · doi:10.5334/snr.128 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Religion and Democratic Citizenship: A Multilevel Examination
Bolzendahl, C., Schnabel, L., & Sagi, R. (2019) · Politics and Religion · doi:10.1017/s1755048319000087 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“First, religious involvement may promote civic and community interests (Putnam 2001; Borgonovi 2008; Putnam and Campbell 2010) by instilling norms about belonging and community (Fox 2001; Voicu 2012; Smidt 2013).”
BackgroundThe psychology of giving behavior in islam
Baqutayan, S. M. S., Mohsin, M. I. A., Mahdzir, A. M., & Ariffin, A. S. (2018) · Sociology International Journal · doi:10.15406/sij.2018.02.00037 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Factors Predicting Volunteer Engagement Among Urban-Residing African American Women
Gutierrez, I. A., & Mattis, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934714543189 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Social scientists have established a robust relationship between religious involvement and volunteerism (Borgonovi, 2008; Goss, 1999; Hodgkinson & Weitzman, 1996; Mencken & Fitz, 2013; Musick et al., 2000; Wilson & Janoski, 1995; Yeung, 2004).”
Counting the Faithful: Measuring Local Religious Contexts in the United States
Lim, C. (2013) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wollschleger, J., & Porter, J. R. (2011) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-011-0009-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Borgonovi (2008) finds that high levels of pluralism are directly and positively associated with increased religious volunteering, without displacing secular volunteering.”
Explanations for Cross-National Differences in Philanthropy
Wiepking, P., & Handy, F. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137341532_2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A note on religious participation and community involvement
Theodori, G. L., & Robinson, C. S. (2019) · Community Development · doi:10.1080/15575330.2019.1642924 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Borgonovi (2008) measured regular attendance at religious services with two categories – attends services weekly or other.”
BackgroundInfluentialWright, P. J. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02135-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Further, using weekly attendance to identify the devout is a common tactic (Borgonovi, 2008; Doran & Price, 2014; Iannaccone & Everton, 2004; McCleary & Barro, 2006; Solt, 2014).”
MethodReligiosity, motivations, and volunteering: A test of two theories of religious prosociality
Petrovic, K., Stukas, A. A., & Marques, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.68 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emotion, Religion, and Civic Engagement: A Multilevel Analysis of U.S. Congregations
Corcoran, K. E. (2019) · Sociology of Religion · doi:10.1093/socrel/srz012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The rite way: Integrating emotion and rationality in religious participation
Wollschleger, J. (2017) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463117700608 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Quantitative research that does not suffer from these methodological problems offers support for the positive effects of competition (Borgonovi, 2008; Stark and Finke, 2004) on religious participation.”
BackgroundContesting Benevolence: Market Orientations among Muslim Aid Providers in Egypt
Tuğal, C. (2013) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/s11133-013-9248-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Whereas the Foucaultian and Bourdieusian accounts covered here hold that marketized relations are a result and goal of charitable giving, in the rational choice account the market exchange logic is the driving causal mechanism (Borgonovi 2008, 107–110, 122–124).”
BackgroundSubstitution and Stigma: Evidence on Religious Competition from the Catholic Sex-Abuse Scandal
Hungerman, D. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17589 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
How civic engagement sparks entrepreneurial intention: the mediating role of well-being
Chu, V. T., Tran, H. T., & Freel, M. (2025) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2025.2463605 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…research appears to support this perspective, providing evidence that individuals may enhance their well-being by ‘doing well by doing good’ (Borgonovi 2008), leading to improvements in their mental health and subjective well-being (Flanagan and Bundick 2011; Hart, Matsuba, and Atkins 2014;…”
Gifts of Money and Gifts of Time: Folk Religion and Civic Involvement in a Chinese Society
Hu, A. (2013) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-013-0132-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Motives, commitment and volunteering experience among Spanish university students
Valor‐Segura, I., & Rodríguez‐Bailón, R. (2011) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stansfield, R., & Mowen, T. J. (2018) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-018-9394-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Additionally, the county represents a meaningful context for religious institutions, religious group-norms, and resources (Borgonovi 2008; Dyreng et al. 2012), and has been used in the few existing studies assessing the role of religious contexts in criminal justice (Lee and Batowksi 2004; Longest…”
MethodShen, J., & Kogan, I. (2019) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2019.1620422 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gore, R. J., Galen, L. W., Zuckerman, P., Pollack, D., & Shults, F. L. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/jnpe9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social Trust, Religiosity, and Self-Rated Health in the Context of National Religious Pluralism
Upenieks, L., & Orfanidis, C. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01380-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This was measured based on the Herfindahl index, widely used in the literature on religious pluralism (e.g., Borgonovi, 2008; Finke et al., 1996).”
MethodSoto, M. R. (2023) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-023-01055-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…most common routes to volunteering because those attending religious services are embedded in dense, cohesive networks, which provide vol-unteering opportunities, increase chances of being recruited, and create social pressures to accede to recruitment efforts (Borgonovi, 2008; 2007; Putnam, 2000).”
Schafer, M. H. (2014) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496514558629 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Harrell, A. (2021) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463121999658 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For instance, people may behave generously by giving money or volunteering their time (Borgonovi, 2008; Brooks, 2005; Duncan, 1999; Lee et al., 1999; Lengfeld and Ordemann, 2016; Manatschal and Freitag, 2014; Schervish and Havens, 1997; Wiepking and Maas, 2009; Wilson and Musick, 1997; Zak et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBlanchard, T. C., Stroope, S., & Tolbert, C. M. (2014) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel5030929 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Unlike recent research that suggests no relationship between religious pluralism and religious participation [44], we find support for the religious economies perspective forwarded by Finke and Stark [6].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUpenieks, L., Foy, S. L., & Miles, A. (2018) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023118795954 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Religious Attitudes and Charitable DonationsPreprint
Eger, R. J., McDonald, B. D., & Wilsker, A. L. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2256020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…prior literature where the conservative-liberal spectrum was found to have no statistical influence on where the conservative-liberal spectrum was found to have no statistical influence on volunteerism (Borgonovi, 2008; Park & Smith, 2000; Hoge et al., 1998; Hodgkinson, Weitzman, & Kirsch, 1990).”
BackgroundCatholicism and Its Civic Engagement
Hao, Z., Kuo, W.-B., Chan, S. H., Jing, M., & Tam, Y. F. (2014) · Review of Religion and Chinese Society · doi:10.1163/22143955-04102005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring volunteering of committed young Catholics
Webber, R. P. (2012) · Journal of Beliefs and Values · doi:10.1080/13617672.2012.650032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In this way volunteering is shaped by the social expectations, social connections and peer pressure from within the group (Borgonovi 2008).”
BackgroundSon, J. (2023) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12878 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Haggard, M. C., Kang, L. L., Rowatt, W. C., & Shen, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2014.973277 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For instance, Borgonovi (2008) found that areas with increased rates of religious pluralism had increased volunteering rates amongst members, whether for religious or secular causes.”
BackgroundThe role of volunteers in pilgrimage studies
Katić, M., & Eade, J. (2022) · Hau Journal of Ethnographic Theory · doi:10.1086/720901 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…2015; Griffiths and Brown 2017), and analyses of the connection between volunteering and religion (Cambell and Yonish 2003; Lasby and Sperling 2007; Borgonovi 2008;Webber 2012; von Essen et al. 2015), but the role and positionality of volunteers, who are also researchers, has been relatively…”
BackgroundReligion and Public Goods Provision: Evidence from Catholicism and IslamPreprint
Warner, C. M., Kılınç, R., Hale, C. W., & Cohen, A. H. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Generating Generosity in Catholicism and Islam: Beliefs, Institutions, and Public Goods Provision
Warner, C. M., Kılınç, R., Hale, C. W., & Cohen, A. B. (2018) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
O QUE MOTIVA AS MULHERES A DOAR DINHEIRO E/OU BENS?
Mainardes, E. W., Laurett, R., & Degasperi, N. C. P. (2016) · Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental · doi:10.24857/rgsa.v10i3.1160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fatores Pessoais que Motivam a Doação de Dinheiro e/ou Bens
Laurett, R., & Mainardes, E. W. (2018) · Administração Pública e Gestão Social · doi:10.21118/apgs.v10i3.1269 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Traunmüller, R. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-18697-9_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Religious Pluralism, Religious Market Shares and the Demand for Religious Schooling 1Preprint
Cohen‐Zada, D., & Elder, T. E. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Consuming values in a social market : making choices about volunteering and non-volunteering
Chapman, T., & McGuinness, B. (2013) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychometric validation of the Persian version of Philanthropy Scale in university students
Güngör, S., Ersanlı, E., Karimi, K., & Öztürk, M. (2024) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2294360 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…of philanthropic behaviours, encompassing cooperation in public good games (Henrich, 2004), contributing to the well-being of others through volunteerism (Ruiter & De Graaf, 2006), providing fi nancial support (Borgonovi, 2008), and extending assistance to strangers (Bennett & Einolf, 2017).”
Arpannudin, I., Suryadi, K., Malihah, E., & Anggraeni, L. (2021) · Jurnal Civics Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan · doi:10.21831/jc.v18i2.44155 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“, 1993; Norenzayan & Shariff, 2008), religious context (Borgonovi, 2008; Lim & MacGregor, 2012; Ruiter & De Graaf, 2006), in the form of social piety.”
BackgroundCoronil, A. G., Franco, J. J. M.-T., & Ravina-Ripoll, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4457-4_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current Studies in the Sociology of Religion
Kerley, K. (2010) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-018-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Strengthening the life of nation by encouraging the values of religious tourism in Wali Pitu, Bali
Agung, D. A. G., Nafi’ah, U., Sukriono, D., & Kurniawan, N. A. H. A. A. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003324492-12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Integrated Framework for Patent Analysis and Mining
zhang, L. (2016) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc000278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Running for the Exits: Community cohesion and bank panics
Greve, H. R., & Kim, J.-Y. J. (2012) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2012.11220abstract · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vedic Dharma Samaj Fremont Hindu Temple
Mistry, T. (2012) · San Jose State University Scholar Works (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.c4u9-hfyh
Right-to-Die Legislation: A Note on Factors Associated with Its Adoption
Titterington, V. B., Rivolta, P. M., & Schraufnagel, S. (2013) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2013.732893
Religious Pluralism and Religious Transmission through Education
Cohen‐Zada, D., & Elder, T. E. (2014)
The structural failures of the heavenly markets
Young, C. W., & Eastman, W. N. (2013) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463112473737
“…logic and significance of market failure as well as studies such as Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975), Olds (1994), Iannaccone (1991), Chaves and Cann (1992), Introvigne (2005), Borgonovi (2008), Gill (2008), McCleary and Barro (2006), and Ekelund et al. (1996) that explore the benefits from competition.”
BackgroundOlah, Ş., & Roşeanu, G. (2016) · Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
Examining the Mechanisms of Religious Ecology on Population Health and Material Well-Being
Clark, J. A. (2019) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5025
“…many of the scripts and positions of their faith traditions, and some religious ecologists have argued that interactions with believers and institutions dominated by believers can influence the attitudes and behaviors of nonbelievers (Borgonovi, 2008; Ruiter and De Graaf, 2006; Traunmuller, 2009).”
BackgroundThe Good, the Bland, and the Ugly
Compion, S., & Janoski, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108147828.027
Comparing Money and Time Donation: What Do Experiments Tell Us?
He, T. (2021) · Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations · doi:10.2478/minib-2021-0015
“They may generate impacts to both religious (Borgonovi, 2008) and secular communities (Choi and DiNitto, 2012), and to both young (Ottoni-Wilhelm, Estell and Perdue, 2014) and aged individuals (Choi and Kim, 2011).”
Background
- Authors
- Borgonovi, F.
- Affiliations
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Borgonovi, Francesca
- ORCID
- Borgonovi, Francesca
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 105-128
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8271
- OpenAlex
- W2011968781
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 20.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion, Society, and Development
- Keywords
- religious pluralism, religious donations, religious volunteering, religious service attendance, religious minorities, religious majorities, spillover effects
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