The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Salivary Cortisol: A Better Measure of Adrenal Cortical Function than Serum Cortisol
Abstract
Salivary cortisol concentration was found to be directly proportional to the serum unbound cortisol concentration both in normal men and women and in women with elevated cortisol-binding globulin (CBG). The correlation was excellent in dynamic tests of adrenal function (dexamethasone suppression, ACTH stimulation), in normals and patients with adrenal insufficiency, in tests of circadian variation and randomly collected samples. Women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy exhibited elevated salivary cortisol throughout the day. The relationship between salivary and serum total cortisol concentration was markedly non-linear with a more rapid increase in salivary concentration once the serum CBG was saturated. The rate of equilibrium of cortisol between blood and saliva was very fast, being much less than 5 minutes. These data, combined with a simple, stress-free, non-invasive collection procedure, lead us to suggest that salivary cortisol is a more appropriate measure for the clinical assessment of adrenocortical function than is serum cortisol.
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In the citing paper
“Changes in circulating CBG have a significant impact on total, but not free, cortisol concentrations (85, 86).”
From Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Their levels in saliva therefore provide a measure of their free concentrations in serum [210].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [210]
Citations
Cites
Use of saliva for monitoring unbound free cortisol levels in serum
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Diurnal Patterns and Regulation of Cortisol Secretion in Pregnancy*
Nolten, W. E., Lindheimer, M. D., RUECKERT, P. A., Oparil, S., & Ehrlich, E. N. (1980) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-51-3-466 · Cited by 198
Adrenal status assessed by direct radioimmunoassay of cortisol in whole saliva or parotid saliva.
Walker, R. F., Riad-Fahmy, D., & Read, G. F. (1978) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/24.9.1460 · Cited by 186
Serum CBG, free and total cortisol and circadian patterns of adrenal function in normal pregnancy
Demey-Ponsart, E., Foidart, J., Sulon, J., & Sodoyez, J. C. (1982) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(82)90163-7 · Cited by 157
Radioimmunoassay of progesterone in saliva: application to the assessment of ovarian function.
Walker, R. F., Read, G. F., & Riad-Fahmy, D. (1979) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/25.12.2030 · Cited by 87
Assessment of Testicular Function by the Radioimmunoassay of Testosterone in Saliva
Walker, R. F., Wilson, D. W., Read, G. F., & Riad-Fahmy, D. (1980) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1980.tb00100.x · Cited by 80
Brien, T. (1980) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-999224 · Cited by 59
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Walker, R. F., Read, G. F., Hughes, I. A., & Riad-Fahmy, D. (1979) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/25.4.542 · Cited by 46
Shannon, I. L., Prigmore, J. R., Brooks, R. A., & Feller, R. P. (1959) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-19-11-1477 · Cited by 41
Radioimmunoassay for “free” testosterone in human saliva
Luisi, M., BERNINI, G. P., Genovese, A. D., Birindelu, R., Barletta, D., Gasperi, M., & Franchi, F. (1980) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(80)90316-7 · Cited by 41
Radioimmunoassay for progesterone in human saliva during the menstrual cycle
Luisi, M., Franchi, F., Kicovic, P. M., Silvestri, D., Cossu, G., Catarsi, A. L., Barletta, D., & Gasperi, M. (1981) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(81)90218-1 · Cited by 37
An improved ultrafiltration method for free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum.
Sophianopoulos, J. A., Jerkunica, I., Lee, C. N., & Sgoutas, D. S. (1980) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/26.1.0159 · Cited by 27
Carr, P. J., Millar, R. P., & Crowley, H. (1977) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/000456327701400157 · Cited by 25
An improved ultrafiltration method for free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum.
Sophianopoulos, J. A., Jerkunica, I., Lee, C. N., et al. (1980) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/26.1.159 · Cited by 23
Adrenal Corticosteroids in Submaxillary Fluid
Katz, F. H., & Shannon, I. L. (1969) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345690480032101 · Cited by 16
51. The significance of the concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in saliva
Brooks, R. V., & BROOKS, F. (1982) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(82)90265-5 · Cited by 4
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Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026 · Cited by 1,925
Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M., & Van Uum, S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009 · Cited by 1,063
Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004 · Cited by 963
Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids
Sheriff, M. J., Dantzer, B., Delehanty, B., Palme, R., & Boonstra, R. (2011) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-011-1943-y · Cited by 919
T he D iagnostic A pplications of S aliva — A R eview
Kaufman, E., & Lamster, I. B. (2002) · Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1177/154411130201300209 · Cited by 887
Metadata
- Authors
- Vining, R. F., McGinley, R. A., Maksvytis, J. J., & Ho, K. Y.
- Affiliations
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- Venue
- Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1983-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 329-335
- ISSN
- 0004-5632 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-1001
- OpenAlex
- W2062000903
- Cited by
- 684
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, serum cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin, adrenal function testing, dexamethasone suppression test, ACTH stimulation test, adrenal insufficiency, pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Cortex Function Tests, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Carrier Proteins, Circadian Rhythm, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Saliva, Sex Factors
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