The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 25 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: New teacher evaluation systems have expanded the role of principals as instructional leaders, but little is known about principals’ ability to promote teacher development through the evaluation process. We conducted a case study of principals’ perspectives on evaluation and their experiences implementing observation and feedback cycles to better understand whether principals feel as though they are able to promote teacher development as evaluators. Research Method: We conducted interviews with a stratified random sample of 24 principals in an urban district that recently implemented major reforms to its teacher evaluation system. We analyzed these interviews by drafting thematic summaries, coding interview transcripts, creating data-analytic matrices, and writing analytic memos. Findings: We found that the evaluation reforms provided a common framework and language that helped facilitate principals’ feedback conversations with teachers. However, we also found that tasking principals with primary responsibility for conducting evaluations resulted in a variety of unintended consequences which undercut the quality of evaluation feedback they provided. We analyze five broad solutions to these challenges: strategically targeting evaluations, reducing operational responsibilities, providing principal training, hiring instructional coaches, and developing peer evaluation systems. Implications: The quality of feedback teachers receive through the evaluation process depends critically on the time and training evaluators have to provide individualized and actionable feedback. Districts that task principals with primary responsibility for conducting observation and feedback cycles must attend to the many implementation challenges associated with this approach in order for next-generation evaluation systems to successfully promote teacher development.
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66 Own result · 39 Own interpretation · 9 No full text of the sources · 7 Own method · 5 No basis given · 3 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The language used on the rubric was easy for principals and teachers to understand.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all principals cited meaningful ways in which the current system was an improvement over the former system.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For most principals, the common framework about what professional practices the district prioritized and what exemplary practice looked like provided helpful structure for their feedback conversations.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nearly 70% of our sample reported that the new evaluation rubric was an important, and positive, improvement to the new evaluation system.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all but eight principals cited the increased involvement of teachers in the evaluation process as an important change.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expectations for conducting post-observation meetings with teachers also created opportunities for teachers to engage in a productive dialogue about their performance.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourteen principals felt that transitioning from a system of infrequent evaluations with a focus on low-performing teachers to a system where all teachers were evaluated regularly on a detailed rubric had begun to shift the “gotcha” culture around evaluation.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transition from binary ratings to a rubric with four performance levels also helped principals to provide more specific feedback as part of the evaluation process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lack of content expertise led many secondary principals to narrow the focus of their evaluation to general instructional practices and strategies.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implementation approaches differed substantially even among the majority of principals who viewed improving teachers’ instructional practices as their primary goal of the evaluation process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals experienced a variety of challenges in their efforts to implement the new evaluation system and promote teacher development.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a range of perspectives among principals about the primary purposes and value of teacher evaluation systems.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only three principals we spoke with described how telling teachers that they needed to improve was a challenge for them.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some principals shied away from using feedback conversations to push teachers on their growth areas for fear of jeopardizing this relational trust.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight principals told us how they focused on pedagogy rather than content.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the principals we spoke with, the vast majority, over 75%, viewed teacher evaluation as a system that should focus on helping teachers improve their practice.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nearly 90% of our sample mentioned the limited time available for giving teachers feedback.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elementary school principals typically characterized this challenge in terms of grade levels.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several principals of larger schools took this approach but still struggled to achieve a ratio of one evaluator per every 12 teachers.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even with training on how to use the new classroom observation instrument, principals experienced real challenges differentiating among teachers, particularly at the upper and lower ends of the rating scale.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nearly all principals, 88%, expressed real concerns about the increased demands of the new evaluation system.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several principals saw these operational responsibilities as directly limiting their evaluation practices.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine out of the 24 principals we interviewed felt the limited training provided by the district was detrimental to implementation, particularly in differentiating levels.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our interviews also suggested that some principals may have avoided difficult conversations with teachers about their weaknesses and, instead, focused on reinforcing the things that were going well in the classroom.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The interviewed principals' self-reports accurately represent their views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even some teachers who were rated as Proficient were still fixated on why they were not rated as Exemplary rather than on the things they could do to become Exemplary.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For middle school and high school principals, evaluating teachers across different subject areas presented a challenge.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The focus of the evaluation process on improving teachers’ practice meant principals also had to navigate a dual role as supervisor and instructional coach.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the district we studied, evaluator training was focused on familiarizing principals with the expansive rubric and procedural requirements, and calibrating principals to be reliable and accurate raters.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When they evaluated teachers in subjects and grades they had not taught, principals felt less comfortable and confident in their abilities to evaluate instruction accurately or provide meaningful support.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals commonly described instances when their investments in instructional leadership were undercut by unexpected operational issues or constrained by their other building responsibilities.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In at least one instance, it also created challenges when teachers felt that not all administrators were applying the same standards in the evaluation process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nineteen of the twenty-four principals we spoke with expressed concerns about their ability to provide meaningful feedback to teachers in all disciplines and levels.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rating teachers lower than they felt was fair often derailed efforts to focus the conversation on professional improvement.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the district we studied, adding at least two observation and feedback cycles for every teacher to principals’ existing responsibilities prevented many principals from dedicating the time necessary to support teachers’ with frequent and in-depth feedback.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals often relied on their own teaching experiences as a primary source of ideas for supporting teachers.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third common proposal we heard from over half of the principals we interviewed was to provide targeted training and coaching for principals.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several principals expressed concerns that they were unable to provide the frequent feedback necessary for supporting teachers’ professional growth because of the sheer number of teachers they were required to evaluate.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differentiating among teachers who had been told they were satisfactory for many years led to feedback conversations that became focused on the summative evaluation rating itself rather than areas for continued professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals recognized that they were being asked to develop and deliver feedback in a way that was new and more demanding than many had experience with.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the district’s focus on compliance caused principals to prioritize written feedback over in-person conversations.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differing perceptions about the purpose of evaluation among principals, teachers, and the district sometimes undercut the trust and buy-in required for meaningful conversations about instructional improvement.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many principals also described how the expanded demands to observe all teachers multiple times constrained the quality and depth of feedback they could provide.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pushing all teachers to recognize and address their own areas for improvement after being rated satisfactory for many years made for challenging conversations.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expectations to provide detailed feedback to teachers outside of principals’ grade-level and content-area expertise resulted in a focus on content-free pedagogical practices.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals described a variety of challenges associated with implementing observation and feedback cycles that limited their ability to promote teacher development.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the expanded role of principals as evaluators resulted in a variety of unintended consequences.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The principals we spoke with framed peer observation as a method for improving instruction outside of the evaluation process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The district we studied had not yet incorporated measures based on students’ standardized test scores into its evaluation system.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the large urban district we studied, reforms to the teacher evaluation system provided a common framework and language that aided principals in assessing and discussing teachers’ professional practice.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new evaluation system created a formalized process that promoted teacher reflection and goal setting, which are central to the theory of action for promoting professional development through evaluation.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three key reforms enhanced the likelihood that principals could use the evaluation process to support teacher develop.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The student populations in the schools where participating principals worked ranged widely and closely mirrored the distribution of student body characteristics across all schools in the district.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Research Methods > Sample
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reforms to the teacher evaluation system in the district provided a strong framework for assessing and discussing teachers’ professional practice.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evaluation system structures, such as the rubric, directly shaped how principals executed feedback cycles.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals leveraged the evaluation process to achieve a range of goals that were not always aligned or consistent with the district’s stated intent.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences in implementation suggest the teachers’ experiences with the evaluation process varied considerably across schools”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, coaching models require substantial financial investments to sustain the high frequency of coaching cycles found to be most effective (Authors, in press).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Authors, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes facilitated principals’ efforts to promote growth among their staff.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By closely monitoring the written evaluations, the district created a strong incentive for principals to prioritize formal one-way communication over a more productive two-way dialogue about instructional improvement.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This variability in evaluators’ abilities to identify areas of weakness or strength and communicate their feedback had important consequences for the quality of post-observation conversations with teachers.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This finding is particular concerning given clear evidence that observation and feedback cycles are most effective when they are frequent, in-depth, and sustained over long periods of time (Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, & Yoon, 2001; Yoon, Duncan, Lee, Scarloss, & Shapley, 2007).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, & Yoon, 2001 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yoon, Duncan, Lee, Scarloss, & Shapley, 2007
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These challenges led to unintended consequences which limited the effectiveness of the feedback teachers’ received in several important ways.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The juxtaposition of two examples helps to illustrate how principals’ differing perspectives and individual goals, rather than the district’s intentions, determined how evaluation was implemented in schools.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Maximizing principals’ time management skills and ability to distribute tasks can help them meet the increased demands for their instructional leadership, but research shows that dedicating more time to instructional leadership may not be sufficient to promote teacher development and student achievement (Grissom et al., 2013).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grissom et al., 2013 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even high-quality training focused on the feedback process is unlikely to change the practices of principals that are focused on removing ineffective teachers or to address a lack of content knowledge.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These challenges could be even greater for administrators who had no classroom teaching experience.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that principals did not always leverage all possible mechanisms through which evaluation might promote professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we heard time and again that placing the full responsibility of observing and coaching teachers on principals and their administrative teams resulted in a variety of unintended consequences that undercut the potential to promote growth through the evaluation process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These different perspectives led to very different approaches to implementing the new evaluation system.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Restructuring principals’ roles to focus less on operations management could serve to substantially expand their capacity to provide evaluation feedback.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The demands on principals and their administrative teams to conduct extensive evaluations for all teachers limited the frequency and quality of feedback teachers’ received.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differing views led principals to interpret their role in the evaluation process quite differently.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Several charter school networks such as Uncommon Schools and Success Academy Public Schools have adopted formal co-leadership models with instructional leadership and operations management positions (Frumkin, 2003).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frumkin, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The responsibility of submitting written evaluation feedback on-line that became part of a teacher’s permanent record also caused principals to shift their focus away from in-person feedback conversations.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, relying on principals to evaluate teachers as a central part of the new system resulted in a range of implementation challenges.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no amount of preparation and training will resolve the challenges related to principals’ lack of experience with some subjects and grades or their time constraints.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The absence of evaluator training programs focused on the feedback process is a major implementation barrier (Herlihy et al., 2014).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Herlihy et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences limit the generalizability of our findings across different contexts.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These unintended consequences illustrate that how an evaluation system is implemented ultimately determines whether it will be successful at promoting teacher development.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Peer Assistance and Review (PAR) is one of several examples of how districts can enable expert teachers to conduct rigorous observations and provide detailed feedback that supports professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, our small sample of 24 principals limited our ability to analyze potential differences across school contexts in the degree to which principals were successful at supporting teacher development through evaluation.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dozens of districts have also adopted peer evaluation systems where expert teachers assume formal responsibility for evaluating their peers (Papay & Johnson, 2012).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Papay & Johnson, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study captured a snapshot of principals’ experiences in one district at a single point in time.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes provided necessary structures and more fertile contexts for principals to promote growth among their staff as evaluators.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without a dedicated financial commitment to coaching, this approach might simply replace one implementation constraint (principals’ time constrains) with another (the high cost of individualized coaching).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A growing body of research suggests that instructional and content coaches can improve teachers’ practice through sustained observation and feedback cycles (e.g. Allen et al., 2011; Authors, in press).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Allen et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes a year of coaching in which consultants repeatedly review classroom videos and give teachers feedback, and reports improvements in teacher-student interactions. It calls the approach content-independent, however, so Allen et al. support the point about instructional coaching but not the claim about content coaching. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Authors, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Although narrowing the scope of feedback may have improved principal’s confidence, it failed to address teachers’ need to develop both their core content knowledge and their pedagogical content knowledge, which have been shown to be central elements of effective instruction particularly in math (Wayne & Youngs, 2003; Hill et al., 2008).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wayne & Youngs, 2003 source
- Supportedcites Hill et al., 2008 source
The citation supports the sentence’s claim about teacher knowledge, not its separate account of principals’ feedback. In the Background section (page unavailable), the paper defines mathematical knowledge for teaching as including both content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. Its Conclusion says strong common content knowledge and additional knowledge specific to teaching support rich mathematics instruction. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, new evidence documents the potential of pairing highly effect teachers to work with their less effective colleagues on specific areas of instructional improvement (Papay, Taylor, Tyler & Laski, 2016).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Papay, Taylor, Tyler & Laski, 2016 source
Section 1.1 (Treatment) describes pairing lower-performing teachers with higher-performing colleagues whose strengths matched specific instructional weaknesses. The Abstract reports improved student test-score growth, with gains concentrated among the target teachers, supporting the claim that this approach has potential. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These principals felt that ratings based on observable teacher practices catalogued on the rubric elements helped teachers understand why they received certain feedback, making the evaluation process seem less subjective.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals perceived this change as beginning to increase teachers’ willingness to engage with them in the observation and feedback process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' reports about teachers' attitudes and reactions accurately represent teachers' actual attitudes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, five principals characterized the current evaluation process as “still very formal” and teachers as being “a little bit edgy” and “still very paranoid” even though these principals all described their evaluation efforts as focused on professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time, principals had not received any training on how to manage their time to complete all observations or how to engage in productive feedback conversations.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to assigning accurate ratings, there was a critical “human component,” as one principal described it, that they had to learn on their own.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A high school principal with previous experience as a non-profit manager explained how principals were now expected to know how to teach adults as well as children.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, four of the administrators we spoke with explained that they used the evaluation system to support the vast majority of teachers to improve their practice, but also highlighted the importance of dismissing teachers who were ineffective educators.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several principals saw the need for coaches who were content experts to supplement the general instructional feedback they could provide.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two different principals suggested they could not work with more than a dozen teachers at a time and be expected to make any real difference in teachers’ practices.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One veteran principal we spoke with found that the demands of the new evaluation system meant that he “could not spend a lot of time coaching.” He described how instead, he hired full-time instructional coaches to work closely with his teachers.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these principals suggested that many more of their peers would “shy away from difficult conversations.””
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found that principals’ views on what the evaluation system should be used for did not always align with how the district articulated the purpose of the system or how principals felt teachers perceived the system.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For principals who transitioned into administration directly from the classroom, the only option was “learning when you get into the job,” as one principal explained.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some principals saw these situations as opportunities to talk about how teachers could further enhance their practice, not all principals were prepared to navigate these conversations.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These administrators lack of an “instructional lens” meant they gave “very different evaluation responses” than other member of her team.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these principals emphasized the value of providing teachers with opportunities to observe and learn from their peers.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They described how teacher buy-in and investment in the improvement process were essential to its success.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twelve principals we spoke with suggested that peer observation and feedback systems held more promise for promoting professional growth than relying on principals to provide evaluation feedback.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals’ perceived that teachers were becoming more involved in the evaluation process and that the culture around evaluation was beginning to shift towards a focus on professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As intended by the district, teachers were becoming more involved and the culture around evaluation was beginning to focus on professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The district's messaging accurately reflects the district's actual intent for the evaluation system.
In the paper
“We used a semi-structured protocol (see Appendix A) to ensure that each interview touched upon a common set of topics and reduced interviewer effects and bias (Patton, 2001).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Research Methods > Data Collection and Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Patton, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each author then conducted a trial coding process with two transcripts, reviewed the other’s initial coding, and debriefed about coding discrepancies and common themes that were not included in our initial set of codes. This peer-review process served to calibrate our coding approach and revealed how some of our original codes were too narrowly focused.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Research Methods > Data Collection and Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find no statistically significant differences across any measures, strong evidence that our sample is broadly representative of the district as a whole.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Research Methods > Sample
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once the evidence on each theme was organized into an extended analytic memo, we returned to the interview transcripts to search for disconfirming evidence and counterexamples.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Research Methods > Data Collection and Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Teachers were recognized for their expertise and actively engaged in the evaluation process, which may have led them to take more ownership of the evaluation process and promote professional growth.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Evaluation Reforms Provided an Improved System for Promoting Teacher Development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process of evaluating teachers in a way that supported their professional growth required principals to rate teachers accurately and have direct conversations about what and how a teacher needed to improve.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Accurate evaluation ratings are critical for any evaluation system and are a necessary precursor for productive conversations with teachers about professional improvement.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Evaluations of SAM programs found that principals gained nearly an hour a day to focus on instruction (Turnball et al., 2009), but small to no effects on student achievement (Turnball, White, and Arcaira, 2010).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Turnball et al., 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Turnball, White, and Arcaira, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only high-quality training on how to conduct observation and feedback cycles would address principals’ limited expertise.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Teachers may perceive evaluations as a process for collecting evidence to justify dismissals and be unwilling to openly recognize their weakness and engage in the improvement process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These choices affected the evaluation experience of teachers in their schools, and may even impact the degree to which the culture around teacher evaluation changes in the district as a whole.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moving towards more task specialization among administrators is promising given the increasing demands on principals to be expert instructional leaders and the core importance of operations management.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A system where coaches work across schools would allow districts to better match teachers to experts in their particular area in need of improvement.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Requiring all teachers to participate equally in a rigorous evaluation process sends a strong signal that the process is not exclusively focused on dismissal.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Content experts would also be well prepared to rate and provide teachers feedback based on content-specific observation rubrics such as the MQI or the PLATO (Kane et al., 2014).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kane et al., 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Providing better training to principals is an intuitive solution, but little is known about the content and efficacy of such training programs (Peterson, 2002).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peterson, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals’ own perspectives on evaluation directly shaped how they chose to implement the evaluation system, and ultimately, how teachers experienced the evaluation process.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Decades of research by Anthony Bryk and his colleagues (Bryk & Schneider, 2002; Bryk, Sebring, Allensworth, Luppescu, & Easton, 2010) have demonstrated the key role of relational trust between administrators and teachers engaged in improvement processes.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bryk & Schneider, 2002
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bryk, Sebring, Allensworth, Luppescu, & Easton, 2010
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals were required to accurately differentiate teachers on a four point scale, support their ratings with low-inference evidence, communicate these ratings effectively, and prescribe specific, actionable feedback for teachers on how to improve.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Implementation Challenges and the Unintended Consequences of Relying on Principals as Evaluators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PAR can increase teachers’ impact on students achievement (Taylor & Tyler, 2012) and can be cost effective (Papay & Johnson, 2012), but requires effective labor-management cooperation as Hillsborough County Public School’s decision to scrap its established peer evaluation system illustrates (Sokol, 2015).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaking of teacher evaluation systems across U.S. public schools has the potential to promote teacher improvement on a large scale.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings also highlight the increasing need to develop principals’ skills as evaluators and instructional leaders as part of their graduate training and certification programs.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, principals were responsible for assigning overall evaluation ratings whereas in most states summative ratings are calculated from a weighted sum of multiple performance measures.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An effective training and support program for evaluators could help them to better manage their time and maximize the impact of their evaluation feedback.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Delivering on this promise will depend, in large part, on how these reforms are implemented on the ground by administrators and educators.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The literature on distributed leadership provides examples of how principal could empower their staff to assume responsibilities for instructional leadership and development (Camburn, Rowan, & Taylor, 2003; Leithwood et al., 2007; Spillane, Halverson, & Diamond, 2001).”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Findings > Assessing Proposals for Improving Observation and Feedback Cycles
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principals’ perspectives will vary depending on the design of the evaluation systems adopted in their districts and the specific stage of implementation.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Principals' interview responses accurately reflect their actual views and experiences.
“These interviews gave principals the opportunity to share their perspectives about teacher evaluation as well as their experiences implementing the districts’ former and current evaluation systems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first year of district-wide implementation is a sufficient period for principals to report stable views and experiences of the new evaluation system.
“the summer after the first year the new evaluation system was implemented district-wide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Principals' reports about teachers' attitudes and reactions accurately represent teachers' actual attitudes.
“Principals perceived this change as beginning to increase teachers’ willingness to engage with them in the observation and feedback process.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The district's messaging accurately reflects the district's actual intent for the evaluation system.
“This common viewpoint was aligned with the district’s messaging of the primary purpose of the new evaluation system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The interviewed principals' self-reports accurately represent their views and experiences.
“Our interviews also suggested that some principals may have avoided difficult conversations with teachers about their weaknesses and, instead, focused on reinforcing the things that were going well in the classroom.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Accurate evaluation ratings are critical for any evaluation system and are a necessary precursor for productive conversations with teachers about professional improvement.
“Accurate evaluation ratings are critical for any evaluation system, but are also a necessary precursor for engaging in a productive conversation with teachers about professional improvement.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“At nine of the smallest schools in our sample, principals were the only evaluators. Principals at nine other medium-sized schools had one or two other administrators who also conducted evaluations, while the five largest middle and high schools had 3 to 9 additional evaluators.”
§ Can Principals Promote Teacher Development as Evaluators? A Case Study of Principals’ Views and Experiences > Research Methods > Sample
Reported 24 · recomputed 23
Citations
Cites
Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook
(1994) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80231-2 · Cited by 48,420 · cited 1×
“We coded interview transcripts for central concepts (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) using a hybrid approach to developing codes (Miles & Huberman, 1994).”
Qualitative research and evaluation methods
Patton, M. Q. (1980) · Cited by 35,637
Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.
Ellis, C., Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074814 · Cited by 29,296
(1996) · Cited by 11,584
What Makes Professional Development Effective? Results From a National Sample of Teachers
Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312038004915 · Cited by 5,047
Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement
Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E. A., & Kain, J. F. (2005) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00584.x · Cited by 4,501
Robinson, V. M. J., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x08321509 · Cited by 2,549
The Impact of Individual Teachers on Student Achievement: Evidence from Panel Data
Rockoff, J. E. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828041302244 · Cited by 2,432 · cited 2×
“These reforms were motivated in large part by research documenting that teachers have large effects on student learning (Rivkin, Hanushek, & Kain, 2005; Rockoff, 2004), and that existing evaluation systems were perfunctory and narrowly focused on compliance (Tucker, 1997; Weisberg et al.”
Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach
Pitman, M. A. (1998) · Anthropology & Education Quarterly · doi:10.1525/aeq.1998.29.4.499 · Cited by 2,404
(2002) · Cited by 2,212
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Donaldson M. L., 2010, Supporting effective teaching through teacher evaluation: A study of teacher evaluation in five charter schools
- Kane T. J., 2012, Gathering feedback for teaching: Combining high-quality observations with student surveys and achievement gains
- Kraft M. A., Educational Policy
- Lacireno-Paquet N., 2014, How states use student learning objectives in teacher evaluation systems: A review of statewide websites
- Sartain L., 2011, Rethinking teacher evaluation: Lessons learned from observations, principal-teacher conferences, and district implementation
- Steinberg M. P., Education Finance and Policy
- Thomas E., 2010, Newsweek, 155, 24
- Turnball B. J., 2010, Achievement trends in schools with school administration managers (SAMs)
- Waters T., 2003, Balanced leadership: What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on student achievement
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kraft, M. A., Blazar, D., & Hogan, D. (2018) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654318759268 · Cited by 1,202
Self-citationLiebowitz, D. D., & Porter, L. (2019) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654319866133 · Cited by 384
“…and assistant principals, to which we refer hereafter collectively as “principals”) are responsible for a dizzying set of responsibilities (e.g., Kraft & Gilmour, 2016; Spillane & Hunt, 2010; Spillane & Lee, 2014), which range from ensuring that hallways are clear of disruption, family…”
BackgroundKraft, M. A., & Gilmour, A. F. (2017) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x17718797 · Cited by 211
“There are no formal incentives in place for receiving an exemplary rating, similar to systems in many other states and districts (Steinberg & Donaldson, 2016; see Kraft & Gilmour, 2016, for a more detailed description of the evaluation system).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOECD (2019) · OECD reviews of school resources · doi:10.1787/b7aaf050-en · Cited by 183
Demszky, D., Liu, J., Hill, H. C., Jurafsky, D., & Piech, C. (2023) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737231169270 · Cited by 147
“First, generating formative feedback tends to be resource-intensive (Kraft & Gilmour, 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraft, M. A., & Gilmour, A. F.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kraft, Matthew A.
- Venue
- Educational Administration Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 711-753
- ISSN
- 0013-161X (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3519
- PMC
- PMC5513173
- OpenAlex
- W2414507369
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 103.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Educational Administration Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD041020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › School Leadership and Teacher Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Improvement
- Keywords
- teacher evaluation, principals, instructional leadership, teacher professional development, assessment reform, principal training, instructional coaches, peer assessment, urban districts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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