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Cited by 406

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Improvement Rate Difference for Single-Case Research

Parker, Richard I., Vannest, Kimberly J., Brown, Leanne·2009·Exceptional Children

Abstract

This article describes and field-tests the improvement rate difference (IRD), a new effect size for summarizing single-case research data. Termed “risk difference” in medical research, IRD expresses the difference in successful performance between baseline and intervention phases. IRD can be calculated from visual analysis of nonoverlapping data, and is easily explained to most educators. IRD entails few data assumptions and has confidence intervals. The article applies IRD to 166 published data series, correlates results with three other effect sizes: R 2, Kruskal-Wallis W, and percent of nonoverlapping data (PND), and reports interrater reliability of the IRD hand scoring. The major finding is that IRD is a promising effect size for single-case research.

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Metadata

Authors
Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., & Brown, L.
Venue
Exceptional Children
Published
2009-01
Volume
75
Issue
2
Pages
135-150
ISSN
  • 0014-4029 (ISSN-L)
  • 2163-5560
OpenAlex
W2144016059
Cited by
406
References
65
FWCI
36.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Improvement Rate Difference for Single-Case Research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/001440290907500201
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Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., & Brown, L. (2009). The Improvement Rate Difference for Single-Case Research. Exceptional Children. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290907500201

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.