An improved effect size for single-case research: nonoverlap of all pairs.
Abstract
Nonoverlap of All Pairs (NAP), an index of data overlap between phases in single-case research, is demonstrated and field tested with 200 published AB contrasts. NAP is a novel application of an established effect size known in various forms as Area Under the Curve (AUC), the Common Language Effect Size (CL), the Probability of Superiority (PS), the Dominance Statistic (DS), Mann-Whitney's U, and Sommers D, among others. NAP was compared with 3 other non-overlap-based indices: PND (percent of nonoverlapping data), PEM (percent of data points exceeding the median), and PAND (percent of all nonoverlapping data), as well as Pearson's R(2). Five questions were addressed about NAP: (a) typical NAP values, (b) its ability to discriminate among typical single-case research results, (c) its power and precision (confidence interval width), (d) its correlation with the established effect size index, R(2), and (e) its relationship with visual judgments. Results were positive, the new index equaling or outperforming the other overlap indices on most criteria.
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Effect sizes found in SCED studies are usually higher than those found in group designs such as randomized controlled trials.
“the effect sizes found in SCED studies are usually higher than those found in group designs such as randomized controlled trials (Parker and Vannest, 2009; Shadish et al., 2016).”
From A Multiple-Baseline Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Focused on Repetitive Negative Thinking for Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Parker and Vannest, 2009
Parker and Vannest (2009) proposed ranges for interpreting NAP: 0 to 0.65 weak effects, 0.66 to 0.92 medium effects, and 0.93 to 1.0 large or strong effects.
“Parker and Vannest (2009) proposed the following ranges in order to interpret NAP; scores ranging from 0 to 0.65 are weak effects, from 0.66 to 0.92 are medium effects, and from 0.93 to 1.0 are large or strong effects.”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for individuals with depressive and anxiety symptoms following acquired brain injury: A non-concurrent multiple baseline design across four cases. (2023) · cites this paper as Parker and Vannest (2009)
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- Authors
- Parker, R. I., & Vannest, K.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parker, Richard I.
- ORCID
- Vannest, Kimberly
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 357-367
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028628292
- Cited by
- 1,126
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 12.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- effect size, single subject research, data overlap, R-squared, visual assessment, confidence interval width, statistical power
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Probability, Psychology, Research Design, Confidence Intervals, Area Under Curve
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