The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Blocking Learner Error States in a Training-Wheels System
Abstract
Some of the most troubling problems for users of computer equipment arise in the getting started stage. A “training-wheels” system was designed for a commercial word processor in which system functions that new users typically do not need, but which can be springboards for errors and confusions, were disabled. The training-wheels word processor improved learning efficiency in two experiments, one of which examined learning by doing and the other, learning by the book.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Novice users were able to accomplish tasks significantly faster and with significantly fewer errors than novice users using the full version [Carroll & Carrithers, 1984].”
From A field evaluation of an adaptable two-interface design for feature-rich software (2007) · cites this paper as Carroll & Carrithers, 1984
In the citing paper
“Our participants certainly did not perceive that minimalist interfaces provide scaffolding for learning; we saw no general perception of a Training Wheels effect [Carroll & Carrithers, 1984].”
From A field evaluation of an adaptable two-interface design for feature-rich software (2007) · cites this paper as Carroll & Carrithers, 1984
Citations
Cites
Language identification in the limit
Gold, E. M. (1967) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(67)91165-5 · Cited by 3,572
Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning.
Rescorla, R. A., & Solomon, R. L. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024475 · Cited by 1,487 · cited 1×
“This is consistent with Thorndike's asymmetrical "law of effect," and the elaims of other learning theo-rists such as Skinner (1938) and Rescorla and Solomon (1967), that punishment per se is ineffective in fostering learning.”
Combining results of independent studies.
Rosenthal, R. (1978) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.185 · Cited by 910
Learning as a generative process 1
Wittrock, M. C. (1974) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461527409529129 · Cited by 834
Remember that old theory of memory? Well, forget it.
Jenkins, J. J. (1974) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0037399 · Cited by 453
Training wheels in a user interface
Carroll, J. M., & Carrithers, C. (1984) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/358198.358218 · Cited by 345
Self-citationAn Additive Method for Combining Probability Values from Independent Experiments
Edgington, E. S. (1972) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1972.9924813 · Cited by 280
The Pavlovian theory of generalization.
Lashley, K. S., & Wade, M. (1946) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0059999 · Cited by 249
Learning to use word processors
Mack, R. L., Lewis, C., & Carroll, J. M. (1983) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/357436.357440 · Cited by 204
Self-citationHuman Factors in Computing Systems
Vedral, J. L. (1991) · Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. eBooks · Cited by 195
Programming by non-programmers
Miller, L. A. (1974) · International Journal of Man-Machine Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(74)80004-0 · Cited by 144
The adventure of getting to know a computer
Carroll (1982) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.1982.1653888 · Cited by 113
Understanding the naive computer user
Eason, K. (1976) · The Computer Journal · doi:10.1093/comjnl/19.1.3 · Cited by 91
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Davis, J., 1984, Sevbold Report 0n Office Systems, 7, 11
- Scharer, L. L., 1983, Datamation, 175
- Skinner, B. F., 1938, The behavior of organisms
- Uhler, H. L., 1981, Seybold Report on Word Processing, 4, 1
- Uhler, H. L., 1984, Seybold Report on Office Systems, 7, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human-Computer Interaction
Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2001) · Cited by 1,116
Self-citationTaking the Load Off a Learner's Mind: Instructional Design for Complex Learning
van Merrienboer, J. J. G., Kirschner, P. A., & Kester, L. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_2 · Cited by 857
Cognitive load as a factor in the structuring of technical material.
Sweller, J., Chandler, P., Tierney, P., & Cooper, M. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.2.176 · Cited by 629
HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION: Psychology as a Science of Design
Carroll, J. M. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.61 · Cited by 404
Self-citationWhat Frustrates Screen Reader Users on the Web: A Study of 100 Blind Users
Lazar, J., Allen, A., Kleinman, J., & Malarkey, C. (2007) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447310709336964 · Cited by 354
Metadata
- Authors
- Carroll, J. M., & Carrithers, C.
- Affiliations
- IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Carroll, John M.
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1984-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 377-389
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W2553709183
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
- Keywords
- word processing software, novice users, getting started, learning efficiency, hands-on learning, learning from instruction, user interface design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
