The Shifting Engines of Medicalization
Abstract
Social scientists and other analysts have written about medicalization since at least the 1970s. Most of these studies depict the medical profession, interprofessional or organizational contests, or social movements and interest groups as the prime movers toward medicalization. This article contends that changes in medicine in the past two decades are altering the medicalization process. Using several case examples, I argue that three major changes in medical knowledge and organization have engendered an important shift in the engines that drive medicalization: biotechnology (especially the pharmaceutical industry and genetics), consumers, and managed care. Doctors are still gatekeepers for medical treatment, but their role has become more subordinate in the expansion or contraction of medicalization. Medicalization is now more driven by commercial and market interests than by professional claims-makers. The definitional center of medicalization remains constant, but the availability of new pharmaceutical and potential genetic treatments are increasingly drivers for new medical categories. This requires a shift in the sociological focus examining medicalization for the twenty-first century.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Commercial and market interests, rather than professional expansion, are now key in driving medicalization.
“Conrad (2005) suggested that commercial and market interests, rather than professional expansion, are now key in driving medicalization.”
From Medicalization and the Refashioning of Age-Related Limits on Sexuality (2012) · cites this paper as Conrad (2005)
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476 · see citing works
From the New York Times Magazine
Minsky, & Hyman, P. (1979) · Cited by 6,899 · see citing works
Our posthuman future: consequences of the biotechnology revolution
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-0873 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Medicalization and Social Control
Conrad, P. (1992) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001233 · Cited by 1,760 · see citing works
Self-citationMedicine as an Institution of Social Control
Zola, I. K. (1972) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.1972.tb00220.x · Cited by 1,741 · see citing works
Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine
Clarke, A. E., Mamo, L., Fishman, J. R., Shim, J. K., & Fosket, J. R. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1519765 · Cited by 1,570 · see citing works
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
(1992) · Bioethics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.1992.tb00218.x · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
The rise of surveillance medicine
Armstrong, D. (1995) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep10933329 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine
Clarke, A. E., Shim, J. K., Mamo, L., Fosket, J. R., & Fishman, J. R. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240306800201 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
The Discovery of Hyperkinesis: Notes on the Medicalization of Deviant Behavior
Conrad, P. (1975) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/799624 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Self-citationThe social transformation of American medicine
Harris, J. E. (1983) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(83)90170-3 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY
Fredricks, S. (1970) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-197001000-00062 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Promotion of Prescription Drugs to Consumers
Rosenthal, M. B., Berndt, E. R., Donohue, J. M., Frank, R. G., & Epstein, A. M. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa012075 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
National Trends in the Use of Psychotropic Medications by Children
Olfson, M., Marcus, S. C., Weissman, M. M., & Jensen, P. S. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200205000-00008 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Direct-To-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: Trends, Impact, And Implications
Wilkes, M. S., Bell, R. A., & Kravitz, R. L. (2000) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.19.2.110 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Better Than Well: American Medicine Meets the American Dream
Hamlin, C. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.11.1521-a · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Wirth‐Cauchon, J., & Horwitz, A. V. (2002) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089999 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Medicalization, markets and consumers.
Conrad, P., & Leiter, V. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationPTSD in DSM-III: A Case in the Politics of Diagnosis and Disease
Scott, W. J. (1990) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800744 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
The End of the Golden Age of Doctoring
McKinlay, J. B., & Marceau, L. D. (2002) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/jl1d-21bg-pk2n-j0kd · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Somatization and Medicalization in the Era of Managed Care
BARSKY, A. J. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530240041038 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
From Senility to Alzheimer's Disease: The Rise of the Alzheimer's Disease Movement
Fox, P. J. (1989) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3350070 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Somatization and medicalization in the era of managed care
BARSKY, A. J. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.274.24.1931 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Hardey, M. (2001) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/713768551 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Lying-in: a history of childbirth in America
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3335 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Abelson, P. H., & Kennedy, D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.304.5676.1413 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Hallowell, E. M., & Ratey, J. J. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Deviance and medicalization: From badness to sickness
Joffe, C. E. (1982) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90212-x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Public Eyes and Private Genes: Historical Frames, News Constructions, and Social Problems
Conrad, P. (1997) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3096939 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationDebating biology: sociological reflections on health, medicine and society
Williams, S., Birke, L. I. A., & Bendelow, G. (2003) · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Handbook of Medical Sociology.
Bloom, S. W., Freeman, H. E., Levine, S., & Reeder, L. G. (1964) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091239 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cosmetic Surgery: The Cutting Edge of Commercial Medicine in America
Jacobson, N. A., & Sullivan, D. A. (2001) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089042 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Fixing broken masculinity: Viagra asa technology for the production of gender and sexuality
Loe, M. (2001) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-001-1032-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Blum, L. M., & Stracuzzi, N. F. (2004) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243204263108 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Anderson, E. (2007) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610703600147 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Conrad, P. (1999) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00151 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman growth hormone and the temptations of biomedical enhancement
Conrad, P., & Potter, D. A. (2004) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2004.00386.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic Attitudes toward the Use of Psychiatric Medications for Children
McLeod, J. D., Pescosolido, B. A., Takeuchi, D. T., & White, T. F. (2004) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650404500104 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sullivan, M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.234 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Pursuit of Perfection: The Promise and Perils of Medical Enhancement
Conrad, P. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.867-a · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationgyo, D. G. D. H. (2022) · Journal of Policy Studies · doi:10.52372/jps · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Challenges Posed by Managed Behavioral Health Care
Shore, M. F., & Beigel, A. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199601113340211 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bodies in protest: environmental illness and the struggle over medical knowledge
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-3344 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Medicalization as Professional Process: Postwar Trends in Pediatrics
Halpern, S. A. (1990) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137043 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
PASSIVE MEDICALIZATION: THE CASE OF VIAGRA AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Carpiano, R. M. (2001) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/027321701300202082 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Transitions in Pediatrics: A Segmental Analysis
Pawluch, D. (1983) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800114 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Constructions of Health and Illness: European Perspectives
Kauppinen, K. (2017) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Buried Data Can Be Hazardous to a Company's Health
Marshall, E. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.304.5677.1576 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hartley, H., & Tiefer, L. (2003) · Women's studies quarterly · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Silicone survivors: women's experiences with breast implants
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
(2015) · doi:10.1108/s1529-212620150000020011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Anspach, R. R. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03859-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Agarwal, S., Ang, S. H., & Sing, T. F. (2017) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789813233379_0005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cleavage: Technology, Controversy, and the Ironies of the Man-Made Breast
Shepherd, J. E. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.13.1713-a · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Conrad, P. (2007) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801885846 · Cited by 1,407 · see citing works
Self-citationA Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Second Edition
Scheid, T. L., & Brown, T. N. (2009) · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
The Increasing Predictive Validity of Self-Rated Health
Schnittker, J., & Baćak, V. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084933 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Napier, A. D., Ancarno, C., Butler, B., Calabrese, J., Chater, A., Chatterjee, H., Guesnet, F., Horne, R., Jacyna, S., Jadhav, S., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61603-2 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Sociology of diagnosis: a preliminary review.
Jutel, A. (2009) · Sociology of Health and Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01152.x · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Rosenfield, S., & Mouzon, D. M. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_14 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Pharmaceuticalization of Society in Context: Theoretical, Empirical and Health Dimensions
Abraham, J. (2010) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038510369368 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Contemporary Issues in Bioethics.
(1978) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-89-4-581_1 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The pharmaceuticalisation of society? A framework for analysis
Williams, S. J., Martin, P. A., & Gabe, J. (2011) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01320.x · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Electronic Support Groups, Patient-Consumers, and Medicalization: The Case of Contested Illness
Barker, K. K. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900103 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Towards a sociology of diagnosis: reflections and opportunities.
Jutel, A., & Nettleton, S. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.014 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The Continued Social Transformation of the Medical Profession
Timmermans, S., & Oh, H. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383500 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_25 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Bell, S. E., & Figert, A. E. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.002 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements
Horwitz, A. V. (2007) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459307077541 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Cancer in the mass print media: Fear, uncertainty and the medical model
Clarke, J. N., & Everest, M. E. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.021 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia: Critical Review and Future Perspectives
Galvez-Sánchez, C. M., & Reyes del Paso, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9041219 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD
Singh, I. (2008) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2514 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Contested Boundaries: psychiatry, disease, and diagnosis
Rosenberg, C. E. (2006) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0046 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The impending globalization of ADHD: notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder.
Conrad, P., & Bergey, M. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.019 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationBaker, P., Smith, J., Garde, A., Grummer‐Strawn, L. M., Wood, B., Sen, G., Hastings, G., Pérez‐Escamilla, R., Ling, C. Y., Rollins, N. C., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01933-x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Mother-Blame in the Prozac Nation
Blum, L. M. (2007) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243206298178 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
‘A pill for every ill’: Explaining the expansion in medicine use
Busfield, J. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.068 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia diagnosis and diagnostic criteria
Wolfe, F., & Häuser, W. (2011) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2011.595734 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Patient Groups and Health Movements
Epstein, S. (2008) · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Towards a sociology of disease
Timmermans, S., & Haas, S. A. (2008) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01097.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The concept of medicalisation reassessed.
Busfield, J. (2017) · Sociology of Health and Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12538 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Schnittker, J. (2005) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00407.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Recognizing medicalization and demedicalization: Discourses, practices, and identities
Halfmann, D. (2011) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459311403947 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Patient data as medical facts: social media practices as a foundation for medical knowledge creation
Kallinikos, J., & Tempini, N. (2014) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2014.0544 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Health Policy Approaches To Population Health: The Limits Of Medicalization
Lantz, P. M., Lichtenstein, R. L., & Pollack, H. A. (2007) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.5.1253 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Digital Phenotyping: Data-Driven Psychiatry to Redefine Mental Health
Oudin, A., Maatoug, R., Bourla, A., Ferreri, F., Bonnot, O., Millet, B., Schoeller, F., Mouchabac, S., & Adrien, V. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44502 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Horwitz, A. V. (2007) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650704800301 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Medicalization and overdiagnosis: different but alike
Hofmann, B. (2016) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-016-9693-6 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Clarke, A. E., & Shim, J. K. (2010) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7261-3_10 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Medicalization: Changing Contours, Characteristics, and Contexts
Conrad, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6193-3_10 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Future of Psychopharmacological Enhancements: Expectations and Policies
Schermer, M., Bolt, I. L. L. E., de Jongh, R., & Olivier, B. (2009) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-009-9032-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Psychiatrization of Society: A Conceptual Framework and Call for Transdisciplinary Research
Beeker, T., Mills, C., Bhugra, D., Meerman, S. T., Thoma, S., Heinze, M., & von Peter, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645556 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The sociology of pharmaceuticals: progress and prospects
Williams, S. J., Gabe, J., & Davis, P. B. (2008) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01123.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Do resources of network members help in help seeking? Social capital and health information search
Song, L.-J., & Chang, T.-Y. (2012) · Soc. Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2012.08.002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hansen, H., & Roberts, S. K. J. (2012) · Advances in medical sociology · doi:10.1108/s1057-6290(2012)0000014008 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Spirituality and secularization: nursing and the sociology of religion
Paley, J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01917.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Knowledge Legitimacy: How Trans-Patient Behavior Supports and Challenges Current Medical Knowledge
Dewey, J. M. (2008) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732308324247 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Mindfulness meditation: Do-it-yourself medicalization of every moment
Barker, K. K. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.024 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Sulzer, S. H. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.008 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dyas, J., Apekey, T. A., Tilling, M., Ørner, R., Middleton, H. C., & Siriwardena, A. N. (2010) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp10x484183 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Pills, Power, People: Sociological Understandings of the Pharmaceutical Industry
Busfield, J. (2006) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038506062034 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Medicalization of global health 1: has the global health agenda become too medicalized?
Clark, J. (2014) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v7.23998 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Walitt, B., Katz, R. S., Bergman, M. J., & Wolfe, F. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157235 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Tiefer, L. (2006) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460706065049 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
#PrEP4Love: An Evaluation of a Sex-Positive HIV Prevention Campaign
Dehlin, J. M., Stillwagon, R., Pickett, J., Keene, L. C., & Schneider, J. A. (2019) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/12822 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Medicalization of Population Health: Who Will Stay Upstream?
Lantz, P. M. (2018) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12363 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
User involvement in community mental health services – principles and practices
BORG, M., KARLSSON, B., & KIM, H. S. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01370.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
From Lydia Pinkham to Queen Levitra: direct‐to‐consumer advertising and medicalisation
Conrad, P., & Leiter, V. (2008) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01092.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citation‘Deep down where the music plays’: How parents account for childhood gender variance
Meadow, T. (2011) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460711420463 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The Black Pill: New Technology and the Male Supremacy of Involuntarily Celibate Men
Preston, K., Halpin, M., & Maguire, F. (2021) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x211017954 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Stigma of Diseases: Unequal Burden, Uneven Decline
Best, R. K., & Arseniev‐Koehler, A. (2023) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231197436 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Listening to Lyrica: contested illnesses and pharmaceutical determinism
Barker, K. K. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.055 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The medical management of menopause: A four-country comparison care in urban areas
Sievert, L. L., Saliba, M., Reher, D., Sahel, A., Hoyer, D., Deeb, M. E., & Obermeyer, C. M. (2008) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.11.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Resisting Pathology: GID and the Contested Terrain of Diagnosis in the Transgender Rights Movement
Burke, M. C. (2011) · Advances in medical sociology · doi:10.1108/s1057-6290(2011)0000012013 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Motherhood Preconceived: The Emergence of the Preconception Health and Health Care Initiative
Waggoner, M. (2012) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-1966333 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System
Hiday, V. A., & Burns, P. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.029 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Looping Genomes: Diagnostic Change and the Genetic Makeup of the Autism Population
Navon, D., & Eyal, G. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/684201 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Psychological Approaches to Mental Illness
Peterson, C. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Medicalisation and Overdiagnosis: What Society Does to Medicine
van Dijk, W., Faber, M. J., Tanke, M. A. C., Jeurissen, P., & Westert, G. P. (2016) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.121 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Patient empowerment and the dilemmas of late-modern medicalisation
Tomes, N. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60318-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Diminished Resistance to Medicalization in Psychiatry
Smith, D. T. (2014) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869313512211 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Medical Sociology and Technology: Critical Engagements
Casper, M. J., & Morrison, D. R. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383493 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The margins of medicalization: Diversity and context through the case of infertility
Bell, A. V. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Getting to Yes: Corporate Power and the Creation of a Psychopharmaceutical Blockbuster
Applbaum, K. (2009) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-009-9129-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Internet marketing of bariatric surgery: Contemporary trends in the medicalization of obesity
Salant, T., & Santry, H. P. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.021 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Medicalization of Mental Disorder
Conrad, P., & Slodden, C. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationMarital Status and Mental Health
Williams, K., Frech, A., & Carlson, D. L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.020 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Diagnostic Domain Defense: Autism Spectrum Disorder and the DSM-5
Barker, K., & Galardi, T. R. (2015) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spu001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ocloo, J. E. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.050 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Markens, S., Browner, C., & Preloran, H. M. (2010) · Sociology of Health and Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01197.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cultural neuroscience and psychopathology: prospects for cultural psychiatry
Choudhury, S., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17820-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kirkpatrick, I., Dent, M., & Jespersen, P. K. (2011) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392111402718 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Corporate social responsibility as corporate social control: The case of work-site health promotion
Holmqvist, M. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2008.08.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Faulkner, A. (2009) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.01.017 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Medicalization and the Refashioning of Age-Related Limits on Sexuality
Marshall, B. L. (2012) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.644597 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Dewey, J. M., & Gesbeck, M. M. (2015) · Humanity & Society · doi:10.1177/0160597615604651 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bruyn, S. D., Wouters, E., Ponnet, K. S., & Hal, G. F. V. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1572190 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bonny babies? Motherhood and nurturing in the age of obesity
Keenan, J., & Stapleton, H. (2010) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698571003792926 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cultural contexts and constructions of recovery
Adeponle, A., Whitley, R., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2012) · Recovery of People with Mental Illness · doi:10.1093/med/9780199691319.003.0008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
valentine, K. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Well-Being across the Life Course
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Media constructions of sleep and sleep disorders: A study of UK national newspapers
Seale, C. F., Boden, S., Williams, S. J., Lowe, P., & Steinberg, D. L. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.035 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Michel Foucault and the Problematics of Power: Theorizing DTCA and Medicalized Subjectivity
Hancock, B. H. (2018) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhy010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Medicalizing to demedicalize: Lactation consultants and the (de)medicalization of breastfeeding
Torres, J. M. C. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.013 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Missing Pieces: Engaging Sociology of Disability in Medical Sociology
Mauldin, L., & Brown, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211019358 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Manzer, J. L., & Bell, A. V. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114632 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
EARP, B. D., SANDBERG, A., & SAVULESCU, J. (2015) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180114000206 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Beyond the Sociology of Diagnosis
Jutel, A. (2015) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12296 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mamo, L., & Epstein, S. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.028 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neurobiology in public and private discourse: the case of adults with ADHD
Bröer, C., & Heerings, M. (2012) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01477.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Graying of “Sexual Health”: A Critical Research Agenda
Marshall, B. (2011) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.2011.01270.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“You don't need a prescription to go gluten-free”: The scientific self-diagnosis of celiac disease
Copelton, D. A., & Valle, G. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Medicalization and beyond: the social construction of insomnia and snoring in the news
Williams, S. J., Seale, C. F., Boden, S., Lowe, P., & Steinberg, D. L. (2008) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459307086846 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Foster, D. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
- Authors
- Conrad, P.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Conrad, Peter
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-14
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-6000
- OpenAlex
- W2089325836
- Cited by
- 1,074
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 44.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, Medicine and Society
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Terminology › Medical Research and Practices
- Keywords
- medicalization, pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, managed care, consumer health, medical knowledge, medical organizations, commercialization of medicine, medical categories, gatekeeping, medical profession
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Biotechnology, Consumer Advocacy, Delivery of Health Care, Drug Industry, Humans, Managed Care Programs, United States, Gatekeeping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review