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Cited by 61Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

Substance Use, Substance Abuse, and LD Among Adolescents with a Childhood History of ADHD

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Molina, Brooke S. G., Pelham, William E.·2001·Journal of Learning Disabilities
DOI 10.1177/002221940103400408PMC PMC4871605
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Abstract

A clinic-referred sample of 109 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was followed into adolescence for the ascertainment of alcohol and other drug use and abuse. Learning disability (reading or math) in childhood was examined as a predictor of adolescent substance use and substance use disorder for alcohol and marijuana. No statistically significant group differences for children with LD versus those without LD emerged even after using different methods to compute LD. IQ/achievement discrepancy scores were similarly not predictive of later use or abuse. However, children with ADHD who had higher IQs and higher levels of academic achievement in childhood were more likely to try cigarettes, to smoke daily, and to have their first drink of alcohol or first cigarette at an early age. Children with ADHD who had higher reading achievement scores were less likely to have later alcohol use disorder. Although these findings are necessarily preliminary, due to the small number of children interviewed, the pattern of results suggests that level of cognitive functioning—rather than discrepancy between IQ and achievement—is important for the prediction of later substance use and abuse, at least in this clinic-referred sample of children with ADHD. Further, different mechanisms of risk related to cognitive functioning may be operating for experimentation with legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, regular cigarette smoking, and problematic alcohol use.

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  • Several epidemiological studies find hazard ratios for SUD in ADHD subjects compared with unaffected groups varying from 1.2 to 3, and up to 7.9 for drug dependence.

    “Several epidemiological studies compare ADHD subjects with unaffected groups, and find hazard ratios for SUD varying from 1.2 to 3 [22, 35, 95] and up to 7.9 for drug dependence [68].”

    From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [95]

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Research works printed but not linked: 11

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Authors
Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E.
Affiliations
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Learning Disabilities
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2001-07
Volume
34
Issue
4
Pages
333-342
ISSN
  • 0022-2194 (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4780
DOI
10.1177/002221940103400408
PMC
PMC4871605
OpenAlex
W2016566734
Cited by
61
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI
0.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Learning Disabilities (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50-AA 08746, K21AA000202, R01AA011873, K21AA00202, AA 11873, P50AA008746, R37AA011873, R56AA011873, AA0626, R01 AA11873, R01AA000626)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R29MH047390, R01MH045576, U01MH050467, MH4815, R01MH053554, MH-53554)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA05605, P50DA005605, R01DA012414)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, adolescent substance use, alcoholism, cannabis use, cigarette smoking, substance abuse, IQ-achievement discrepancy, cognitive function, reading achievement, academic performance, risk prediction
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Intelligence, Learning Disabilities, Male, Comorbidity, Risk Assessment, Substance-Related Disorders

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