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Cited by 339Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Does ADHD Predict Substance-Use Disorders? A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Young Adults With ADHD

Open access
Wilens, Timothy E., Martelon, MaryKate, Joshi, Gagan, Bateman, Clancey, Fried, Ronna, Petty, Carter, Biederman, Joseph·2011·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021PMC PMC3104208
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Abstract

Objective High rates of Substance Use Disorders (SUD) have been found in samples of adolescents and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Predictors of SUD among ADHD children who are at risk for the development of SUD remain understudied. The main aims of this study were to identify clinically meaningful characteristics of children that predicted the future development of SUD and to see whether the role of these characteristics varied by sex. Method Subjects were children and adolescents with (N=268; mean age ± SD = 10.9 ± 3.2 years) and without (N=229; mean age 11.9 ± 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a ten-year follow-up period onto young adult years. Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs. Results Over the ten-year follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of any SUD (Hazards Ratio, (95% Confidence Interval) = 1.47 (1.07, 2.02); p=0.01) and cigarette smoking (2.38 (1.61, 3.53); p<0.01). Within ADHD, comorbid conduct disorder (2.74 (1.66, 4.52); p<0.01) and oppositional defiant disorder (2.21 (1.40, 3.51); p<0.01) at baseline were also found to be significant predictors of SUD. We found similar results for cigarette, alcohol, and drug use disorders. There were few meaningful sex interaction effects. We did not find any clinically significant associations for any social or family environment factors nor cognitive functioning factors (all p values > 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that ADHD is a significant risk factor for the development of SUD and cigarette smoking in both sexes.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

1 of 17 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    After excluding participants with lifetime conduct disorder at baseline, ADHD did not significantly predict alcohol use disorder (95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.96; p=0.10).

    “or alcohol use disorders (95% CI: 0.94, 1.96; p=0.10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Baseline ADHD predicted cigarette smoking over follow-up, with a hazard ratio of 2.38 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.61 to 3.53 in the abstract and 1.66 to 3.63 in the results (p<0.01).

    “and cigarette smoking (2.38 (1.61, 3.53); p<0.01)”
    • Also stated in: § Does ADHD predict SUD? · plain
      “cigarette smoking (HR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.66, 3.63; p<0.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Baseline ADHD predicted alcohol use disorder over follow-up, with a hazard ratio of 1.51 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.08 to 2.13 (p=0.02).

    “We found similar findings for alcohol use disorders (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.13; p=0.02)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among children with ADHD, baseline comorbid mood disorder predicted later drug use disorder, with a hazard ratio of 2.02 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.22 to 3.35 (p<0.01).

    “We also found that for drug use disorders, comorbid mood disorder was a significant predictor (HR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.22, 3.35; p<0.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    After excluding participants with lifetime conduct disorder at baseline, ADHD did not significantly predict overall substance use disorder (95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.83; p=0.13).

    “We did not find a significant association for overall substance use disorder (95% CI: 0.93, 1.83; p=0.13)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
  • May combine two claims. 16

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prospective studies of children with ADHD have provided some evidence that those with co-occurring conduct and bipolar disorders have the highest risk for developing substance use disorder.

    “Prospective studies of Children with ADHD have provided some evidence that the group with conduct and bipolar disorders co-occurring with ADHD have the highest risk for developing SUD.12–19”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [12] Mannuzza, 1993, Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
    • cites [13] Biederman, 1997, Is ADHD a risk for psychoactive substance use disorder?, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
    • cites [14] Molina, 2003, Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD, J Abnorm Psychol source
    • cites [15] Hechtman, 1986, Controlled prospective fifteen year follow-up of hyperactives as adults: Non-medical drug and alcohol use and anti-social behaviour, Can J Psychiatry source
    • cites [16] Mannuzza, 1998, Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up, Am J Psychiatry source
    • cites [17] Molina, 2007, Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: prevalence, course, and treatment effects, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

      The Discussion reports that substance use in children with ADHD was prospectively predicted by delinquency seriousness, providing some support for the conduct-related risk. It does not identify children with co-occurring conduct and bipolar disorders as the highest-risk group, and the measured outcome here was early substance use rather than development of substance use disorder. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [18] Satterfield, 1982, A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys, Am J Psychiatry source
    • cites [19] Szobot, 2007, Is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder associated with illicit substance use disorders in male adolescents?, Addiction source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After excluding participants with lifetime conduct disorder at baseline, ADHD still predicted cigarette smoking, with a hazard ratio of 2.06 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36 to 3.20 (p<0.01).

    “and cigarette smoking (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.20; p<0.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sex did not significantly modify the association between ADHD status and the risk of substance use disorder, alcohol use disorder, or drug use disorder onset (all p>0.05).

    “There were few meaningful sex interaction effects.”
    • Also stated in: § Does ADHD predict SUD? · plain
      “We did not find a significant effect for the interaction between ADHD status and sex on SUD onset, alcohol use onset, or drug use onset (all p values > 0.05) and the term was subsequently removed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After excluding participants with lifetime conduct disorder at baseline, ADHD still predicted drug use disorder, with a hazard ratio of 2.54 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.55 to 4.17 (p<0.01).

    “We found that ADHD continued to be a significant risk factor for only any drug use disorders (HR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.55; 4.17; p<0.01)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For dependence, other endorsed substances included cocaine (N=9), stimulants (N=4), sedatives (N=3), opioids (N=2), and others including hash, hallucinogens, and ecstasy (N=4).

    “For dependence, people also endorsed cocaine (N=9), stimulants (N=4), sedatives (N=3), opiods (N=2) and others including hash, hallucinogens, and ecstasy (N=4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Marijuana was the substance most endorsed for abuse (N=52) and dependence (N=35).

    “Because marijuana was the substance most endorsed for abuse (N=52) and for dependence (N=35), we collapsed all other drugs into one category.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For abuse, other endorsed substances included hallucinogens (N=11), stimulants (N=8), sedatives (N=7), cocaine (N=6), ecstasy (N=4), and others including opioids, hash, and steroids (N=8).

    “For abuse, people also endorsed hallucinogens (N=11), stimulants (N=8), sedatives (N=7), cocaine (N=6), ecstasy (N=4), and others including opioids, hash, and steroids (N=8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the sample, 30% of children with ADHD at baseline already manifested conduct disorder, which subsequently increased their risk for SUD by almost three fold.

    “In our sample, 30% of our Children with ADHD at their baseline assessment already manifested CD that subsequently increased their risk for SUD by almost three fold.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For alcohol use disorders, drug use disorders, and smoking, ADHD was not associated with duration of subsequent SUD (t=0.14, p=0.89; t=1.80, p=0.08; t=1.05, p=0.30).

    “For alcohol use disorders, drug use disorders, and smoking, ADHD was not associated with the duration of subsequent SUD (t=0.14, p=0.89; t=1.80, 0.08; t=1.05, p=0.30; respectively).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No clinically significant associations were found for social or family environment factors or cognitive functioning factors (all p>0.05).

    “We did not find any clinically significant associations for any social or family environment factors nor cognitive functioning factors (all p values > 0.05).”
    • Also stated in: § What predicts SUD in ADHD youth? · plain
      “We found no other significant interaction terms for social or family environment factors or cognitive or any other school functioning factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The interaction between ADHD and sex was not significant for any SUD, any alcohol use disorder, or any drug use disorder (all p>0.05).

    “The interaction term between ADHD and sex was not significant for any SUD, any alcohol use disorder nor for any drug use disorder (all p values >0.05); therefore, it was dropped from all analyses and we collapsed across sex status.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mood disorders predicted drug use disorders, but not overall SUD, alcohol use disorders, or cigarette smoking.

    “In the current data, we found that mood disorders predicted drug use disorders, but not overall SUD, alcohol use disorders, or cigarette smoking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study followed children and adolescents with and without DSM-III-R ADHD prospectively and with blinded assessment for about ten years into young adulthood.

    “Subjects were children and adolescents with (N=268; mean age ± SD = 10.9 ± 3.2 years) and without (N=229; mean age 11.9 ± 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a ten-year follow-up period onto young adult years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Psychopathology and substance use disorders were assessed using structured diagnostic interviews.

    “Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The results of this 10-year follow-up study partially support the authors' hypotheses.

    “The results of this follow-up (average 10 years) study of two cohorts of children to examine early predictors for later SUD partially support our hypotheses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The analyses were repeated without participants who had conduct disorder at baseline.

    “These analyses were repeated without subjects with CD at baseline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study's Cox models adjusted for socioeconomic status and parental history of substance use disorder.

    “We examined whether ADHD was a risk factor for each outcome using Cox proportional hazards, adjusting for SES, and parental history of SUD.”
    • Also stated in: § Statistical Analysis · plain
      “We used Cox models to assess the SUD risk associated with predictors within ADHD, adjusting for SES, and parental history of SUD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Studies have questioned whether conduct disorder mediates the relationship between ADHD and substance use disorder.

    “However, studies have questioned if conduct disorder mediates the relationship between ADHD and SUD. 10, 20, 21”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Barkley, 1990, The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
    • cites [20] Loeber, 1999, Developmental aspects of delinquency and internalizing problems and their association with persistent juvenile substance use between ages 7 and 18, J Clin Child Psychol source
    • cites [21] Fergusson, 1993, Conduct problems and attention deficit behaviour in middle childhood and cannabis use by age 15, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The authors conclude that ADHD raises the risk for later substance use disorder and cigarette smoking in males and females alike.

    “These results indicate that ADHD is a significant risk factor for the development of SUD and cigarette smoking in both sexes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Diagnostic uncertainties were resolved by board-certified psychiatrists who were blind to ADHD status, referral source, and all other data.

    “Board-certified child and adult psychiatrists who were blind to the subject’s ADHD status, referral source, and all other data resolved diagnostic uncertainties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants with baseline onset of each outcome were excluded from the corresponding analysis.

    “Subjects who reported an onset of substance abuse/dependence (N=15), alcohol abuse/dependence (N=10), drug abuse/dependence (N=11), or cigarette smoking (N=16) at baseline were excluded from the analysis for each respective outcome.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Follow-up rates did not differ between ADHD and control groups in the girls and boys cohorts.

    “The follow-up rates did not differ between groups.27”
    • Also stated in: § Subjects · plain
      “the rate of successful follow-up did not differ between groups. 26”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other work has indicated that academic dysfunction, cognitive deficits, and neurobehavioral disinhibition, often observed in ADHD youth, increase the risk for substance use disorder.

    “Nevertheless, other work has indicated that academic dysfunction,23 cognitive deficits,24 and neurobehavioral disinhibition,25 often observed in ADHD youth, increase the risk for SUD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Crum, 1992, The risk of alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood: the association with educational level, Am J Epidemiol source
    • cites [24] Brook, 2002, Drug use and neurobehavioral, respiratory, and cognitive problems: precursors and mediators, J Adolesc Health source
    • cites [25] Tarter, 2003, Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age at onset of substance use disorder, Am J Psychiatry source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorder assessments used the K-SADS-E for participants under 18 and the SCID for those 18 and older.

    “Lifetime psychiatric assessment and SUD at the 10 and 11 year follow-ups relied on the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for Children (K-SADS-E)29 for subjects younger than 18 years of age and the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID)30, 31 (supplemented with modules from the KSADS-E to assess childhood diagnoses) for subjects 18 years of age and older.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study used self and parent reports by structured interview for SUD instead of objective testing.

    “We utilized self and parent reports by structured interview for SUD instead of objective testing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The authors chose not to control for multiple comparisons.

    “We chose not to control for multiple comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The authors' findings replicate previous work, highlighting that childhood ADHD is a risk factor for SUD, and conduct disorder within ADHD continues to be a very important determinant of subsequent SUD.

    “Despite these limitations, our findings replicate previous work, highlighting that childhood ADHD is a risk factor for SUD, and CD within ADHD continues to be a very important determinant of subsequent SUD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The sample of subjects with SUDs was relatively small, limiting power for sub-analyses and ability to adequately control for confounders.

    “Our sample of subjects with SUDs was relatively small, thereby limiting our power for sub-analyses and ability to adequately control for confounders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The sample at follow-up may not have been through the full age of risk for SUD.

    “Our sample at follow-up may not have been through the full age of risk for SUD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Predictors of substance use disorder among children with ADHD who are at risk remain understudied.

    “Predictors of SUD among ADHD children who are at risk for the development of SUD remain understudied.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many ADHD studies focus on younger adolescents, and few examine early childhood risk factors within ADHD, excluding conduct disorder, that are associated with substance use disorder.

    “Despite a growing literature related to SUD many of the ADHD based studies are in younger adolescents and few examine early objective and subjective childhood risk factors within ADHD, excluding conduct disorder, that are associated with SUD.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • ADHD is itself an important risk factor for illicit stimulant misuse and SUD.

    “While multiple studies have shown that ADHD is itself an important risk factor for illicit stimulant misuse and SUD, 5,12,15,[20][21][22][23][24]”

    From Is Age of Onset and Duration of Stimulant Therapy for ADHD Associated with Cocaine, Methamphetamine, and Prescription Stimulant Misuse? (2024) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Discussion states that ADHD itself was associated with earlier onset and higher risk of SUD, including after controlling for conduct disorder. The Results (Presentation of SUD) list stimulant abuse and dependence, but combine those cases with other drugs rather than establishing that ADHD specifically increases the risk of illicit stimulant misuse. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Child- and adolescent-onset psychopathology increases the risk for developing substance use and substance use disorders.

    “Child- and adolescent-onset psychopathology is known to increase the risk for developing substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs).”

    From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Wilens et al. 2011

    The Results section ('Does ADHD predict SUD?'; page unavailable) reports that childhood ADHD predicted later substance-use disorders and cigarette smoking. The claim extends this finding to child- and adolescent-onset psychopathology generally and to substance use beyond smoking; the paper does not establish those broader claims. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Individuals with ADHD are two to three times more likely to develop an SUD.

    “Similarly, individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two to three times more likely to develop an SUD (Wilens et al. 2011; Groenman et al. 2017).”

    From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Wilens et al. 2011

    The Results (‘Does ADHD predict SUD?’) report that participants with ADHD were more likely to develop any SUD, but the estimate was 1.47 times that of controls, not two to three times. The reported 2.74-fold estimate applies specifically to drug use disorders, not SUD overall. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentz = -2.19reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .029

    “z=−2.19, p = .03”

  • Consistentz = 2.73reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .006

    “(z=2.73, p < .01”

  • Consistentz = 2.42reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .016

    “z=2.42, p = .02”

  • Consistentz = 3.21reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .001

    “z=3.21, p < .01”

  • Consistentz = 1.71reported p = .09 · recomputed p = .087

    “(z=1.71, p = .09”

5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Control-group percentage for combined alcohol and drug disorders is wrong

    Major

    Seventeen of 225 control subjects is 7.56%, not 3%. This understates the control-group rate for an outcome compared between the groups.

    Reported 3 · recomputed 7.555556

  • Discussion reverses the result after excluding conduct disorder

    Major

    The discussion says ADHD remained significantly associated with SUD after accounting for conduct disorder, but the reported analysis excluding subjects with conduct disorder found no significant association for overall SUD.

  • Smoking hazard ratio has different confidence intervals

    Minor

    The abstract and results give different 95% confidence intervals for the same smoking hazard ratio of 2.38.

  • Discussion overlooks a significant non-CD psychiatric predictor

    Minor

    The discussion says no non-CD psychiatric condition was significantly associated with later SUD, whereas the results identify oppositional defiant disorder as a significant predictor within the ADHD group.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Mick, 2004, The course and outcome of ADHD, Prim Psychiatry, 11, 42
  2. Wilens, 2008, Impact of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the subsequent risk for cigarette smoking, alcohol, and drug use disorders in adolescent girls, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 162, 916, 10.1001/archpedi.162.10.916 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., & Biederman, J.
Affiliations
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Wilens, Timothy E.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-06
Volume
50
Issue
6
Pages
543-553
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021
PMC
PMC3104208
OpenAlex
W2129087535
Semantic Scholar
e5f00bd216288b9284a83de6ba2bbe0a0eab4a93
Cited by
339
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 18
FWCI
14.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb
  • Eli Lilly and Company (K24 DA016264)
  • Pfizer
  • AstraZeneca
  • GlaxoSmithKline
  • National Institutes of Health
  • U.S. Public Health Service
  • National Institute of Mental Health
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA016264)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD036317, 5 R01 HD36317-07)
  • UCB Pharma
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders, cigarette smoking, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, comorbidities, risk factors, young adults, sex differences, adolescents, alcohol consumption, drug use
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Age Factors, Alcoholism, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, United States, Comorbidity, Proportional Hazards Models, Case-Control Studies, Child of Impaired Parents, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

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