Hyperactive Boys Almost Grown Up: I. Psychiatric Status
Abstract
We report a prospective longitudinal study of 101 male adolescents (ages 16 to 23 years) who had been diagnosed hyperactive in childhood (ages 6 to 12 years), compared with 100 normal controls. The DSM-III diagnoses were made blind to group membership. Information was obtained for 98% of the original cohort. The full attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) syndrome persisted in 31% of the probands vs in 3% of the controls. The only other two conditions that distinguished the groups significantly were conduct and substance use disorders. These disorders aggregated significantly among the probands with continued ADDH. The results indicate that the greatest risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior and drug abuse is the maintenance of ADDH symptoms. Substance use disorders followed the onset of conduct disorder in the overwhelming majority of the cases.
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Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is significantly associated with adolescent and adult substance use disorders.
“Numerous studies have shown that childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is significantly associated with adolescent and adult substance use disorders (SUD) (1–8).”
From Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Separate categories for Alcohol and Non-Alcohol SUD were included since the authors' late adolescent and adult follow-ups showed that, compared to controls, probands were at significantly increased risk for Non-Alcohol SUD, but not for Alcohol SUD.
“Separate categories for Alcohol and Non-Alcohol SUD were included since our late adolescent and adult follow-ups showed that, compared to controls, probands were at significantly increased risk for Non-Alcohol SUD, but not for Alcohol SUD (3–6).”
From Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Follow-ups of this sample consistently showed substantial comorbidity between SUD and antisocial disorder (3-6).
“It is not surprising that age at initiation was significantly associated with both SUD and antisocial personality disorder since follow-ups of this sample consistently showed substantial comorbidity between SUD and antisocial disorder (3–6).”
From Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Follow-up studies show ADHD persists during adolescence and adulthood in around two-thirds of individuals, either as full disorder or partial remission with impairing symptoms.
“Numerous follow-up studies of children with ADHD show that the disorder persists during adolescence and adulthood in around two-thirds of individuals [3-11] either as the full blown disorder or in 'partial remission' with persistence of some symptoms associated with continued clinical and psychosocial impairments.”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [5]
ADHD is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and persists into adulthood in the majority of cases.
“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases.”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Gittelman, R.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gittelman, Rachel
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1985-10-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 937
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082904103
- Cited by
- 977
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 16.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-18579, MH30906)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, substance use disorders, antisocial behavior, risk factors, longitudinal follow-up, adolescent boys, DSM-III diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Research Design, Risk, Substance-Related Disorders
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