The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Math Disability: Concurrent Psychopathology, Functional Impairment, and Neuropsychological Functioning
Open accessAbstract
Reading disability (RD) and math disability (MD) frequently co-occur, but the etiology of this comorbidity is not well understood. Groups with RD only (N = 241), MD only (N = 183), and RD + MD (N = 188) and a control group with neither disorder (N = 411) completed a battery of measures of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social and academic functioning, and 10 neuropsychological processes. Groups with RD only, MD only, and RD + MD were significantly impaired versus the control group on nearly all measures, and the group with RD + MD was more impaired than the groups with MD and RD alone on measures of internalizing psychopathology, academic functioning, and 7 of 10 neuropsychological constructs. Multiple regression analyses of the neuropsychological measures indicated that deficits in reading and math were associated with shared weaknesses in working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension. In contrast, reading difficulties were uniquely associated with weaknesses in phoneme awareness and naming speed, and math deficits were uniquely associated with weaknesses in set shifting. These results support multiple-deficit neuropsychological models of RD and MD and suggest that RD and MD are distinct but related disorders that co-occur because of shared neuropsychological weaknesses in working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“This would contradict the idea of an additive effect of the two disorders combined (Seidman et al., 1995, 2001; Willcutt et al., 2013; Horowitz-Kraus, 2015).”
From Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2013
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“comorbidity amongst MD, RD, and ADHD has also been associated with low PS, and the relationships between these deficits continue to be explored20,40–44.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These WM impairments might help to explain the co-occurrence of math and reading disorders in 30–70% of individuals diagnosed with SLD (Willcutt et al., 2013).”
From Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the presence of a SLD significantly predicted PS deficit.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
The American Journal of Human Genetics
S., J. (1950) · Population · doi:10.2307/1523704 · Cited by 5,124
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual
Heaton, R. K. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,604
Impulsivity and Inhibitory Control
Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x · Cited by 1,471
Rapid “automatized” naming (R.A.N.): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities
Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1976) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(76)90075-0 · Cited by 1,457
Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.73 · Cited by 1,385
Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children
Wechsler, D. (1974) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 1,303
Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span
Case, R., Kurland, D. M., & Goldberg, J. S. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(82)90054-6 · Cited by 1,234
From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders
PENNINGTON, B. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.008 · Cited by 1,167
Self-citationAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a clinical workbook
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (1991) · Cited by 1,144
Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., Rashotte, C. A., Hecht, S. A., Barker, T. A., Burgess, S. R., Donahue, J., & Garon, T. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.3.468 · Cited by 1,077
Raghubar, K. P., Barnes, M. A., & Hecht, S. A. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.005 · Cited by 975
DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1673 · Cited by 935
MANUAL FOR KIT OF REFERENCE TESTS FOR COGNITIVE FACTORS (REVISED 1963)
French, J. W., Ekstrom, R. B., & Price, L. A. (1963) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ad0410915 · Cited by 913
Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders
DENNIS, M., FRANCIS, D. J., CIRINO, P. T., SCHACHAR, R., BARNES, M. A., & FLETCHER, J. M. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090481 · Cited by 875
Learning disabilities: from identification to intervention
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-5775 · Cited by 874
The Development of Working Memory in Normally Achieving and Subtypes of Learning Disabled Children
Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131037 · Cited by 842
The Development of Working Memory in Normally Achieving and Subtypes of Learning Disabled Children
Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb03528.x · Cited by 837
Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA)
Reich, W. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00017 · Cited by 831
Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., Byrd-Craven, J., Nugent, L., & Numtee, C. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01069.x · Cited by 824
Evidence That Dyslexia May Represent the Lower Tail of a Normal Distribution of Reading Ability
Shaywitz, S. E., Escobar, M. D., Shaywitz, B. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Makuch, R. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199201163260301 · Cited by 735
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Barkley, R. A. (1998) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0998-66 · Cited by 688
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., Chhabildas, N., & Hulslander, J. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2701_3 · Cited by 612
Self-citationFrames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities : new views on measurement issues
Lyon, G. R. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 594
Relations Among Speech, Language, and Reading Disorders
Pennington, B. F., & Bishop, D. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163548 · Cited by 572
Self-citationPsychiatric Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents with Reading Disability
Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00691 · Cited by 520
Self-citationSpecific Deficits in Component Reading and Language Skills
Olson, R. K., Wise, B. W., Conners, F. A., Rack, J. P., & Fulker, D. W. (1989) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221948902200604 · Cited by 516
Self-citationNonverbal Learning Disabilities: The Syndrome and the Model
Rourke, B. P. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 508
Golden, C. J., Freshwater, S. M., & Golden, Z. L. (2002) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06065-000 · Cited by 449
Comorbidity of learning disorders: prevalence and familial transmission
Landerl, K., & Moll, K. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02164.x · Cited by 435
Processing Speed Deficits in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Reading Disability
Shanahan, M. A., Pennington, B. F., Yerys, B. E., Scott, A., Boada, R., Willcutt, E. G., Olson, R. K., & DeFries, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9037-8 · Cited by 431
Self-citationValidity of DSM‐IV Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder for Younger Children
LAHEY, B. B., PELHAM, W. E., STEIN, M. A., LONEY, J., TRAPANI, C., NUGENT, K., KIPP, H., SCHMIDT, E., LEE, S., CALE, M., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199807000-00008 · Cited by 422
Self-citationDevelopment of Number Line Representations in Children With Mathematical Learning Disability
Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., Nugent, L. D., & Byrd‐Craven, J. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640801982361 · Cited by 412
Dyslexia and dyscalculia: two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles
Landerl, K., Fussenegger, B., Moll, K., & Willburger, E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.03.006 · Cited by 409 · cited 3×
“…Hecht, 2010), set shifting (e.g., van der Sluis, de Jong, & van der Leij, 2004), and processing and naming speed (e.g., Andersson & Lyxell, 2007; Geary et al., 2007), although these weaknesses were not found in all studies (e.g., Landerl et al., 2009; van der Sluis, van der Leij, & de Jong, 2005).”
BackgroundAcademic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders.
Frick, P. J., Kamphaus, R. W., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Christ, M. A. G., Hart, E. L., & Tannenbaum, L. E. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.2.289 · Cited by 405
Willcutt, E. G., Betjemann, R. S., McGrath, L. M., Chhabildas, N. A., Olson, R. K., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F. (2010) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.009 · Cited by 354
Self-citationModels of comorbidity for multifactorial disorders.
Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 353
Effects of fluency, oral language, and executive function on reading comprehension performance
Cutting, L. E., Materek, A., Cole, C. A. S., Levine, T. M., & Mahone, E. M. (2009) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-009-0022-0 · Cited by 350
Suicidality, School Dropout, and Reading Problems Among Adolescents
Daniel, S. S., Walsh, A., Goldston, D. B., Arnold, E. M., Reboussin, B. A., & Wood, F. (2006) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194060390060301 · Cited by 336
Inhibition and shifting in children with learning deficits in arithmetic and reading
van der Sluis, S., de Jong, P. F., & van der Leij, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2003.12.002 · Cited by 330
Developmental dyscalculia: prevalence and prognosis
Shalev, R. S., Auerbach, J. G., Manor, O., & Gross‐Tsur, V. (2000) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870070009 · Cited by 327
(1994) · Cited by 322
Self-citationMcGrath, L. M., Pennington, B. F., Shanahan, M. A., Santerre‐Lemmon, L. E., Barnard, H. D., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x · Cited by 302
Self-citationIndividual prediction of dyslexia by single versus multiple deficit models.
Pennington, B. F., Santerre-Lemmon, L. E., Rosenberg, J., MacDonald, B., Boada, R., Friend, A., Leopold, D. R., Samuelsson, S., Byrne, B., Willcutt, E. G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025823 · Cited by 294
Self-citationWorking memory deficit in children with mathematical difficulties: A general or specific deficit?
Andersson, U., & Lyxell, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.10.001 · Cited by 274 · cited 1×
“…2008; Raghubar, Barnes, & Hecht, 2010), set shifting (e.g., van der Sluis, de Jong, & van der Leij, 2004), and processing and naming speed (e.g., Andersson & Lyxell, 2007; Geary et al., 2007), although these weaknesses were not found in all studies (e.g., Landerl et al., 2009; van der Sluis,…”
BackgroundPhonological Processing, Not Inhibitory Control, Differentiates ADHD and Reading Disability
Purvis, K., & Tannock, R. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200004000-00018 · Cited by 230
Mathematical disabilities: Reflections on cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components
Geary, D. C. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.008 · Cited by 226
McGee, R. O., Prior, M., Williams, S., Smart, D., & Sanson, A. V. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00228 · Cited by 212
Genes, Environment, and the Development of Orthographic Skills
Olson, R. K., Forsberg, H., & Wise, B. W. (1994) · Neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3492-9_2 · Cited by 199
Self-citationReading Problems and Depressed Mood
Maughan, B., Rowe, R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022534527021 · Cited by 196
Recent Developments in Neuropsychological Models of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
Willcutt, E. G., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Nigg, J. T., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Advances in Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000118526 · Cited by 193
Self-citationReading Problems, Psychiatric Disorders, and Functional Impairment from Mid- to Late Adolescence
Goldston, D. B., Walsh, A., Arnold, E. M., Reboussin, B. A., Daniel, S. S., Erkanli, A., NUTTER, D., Hickman, E. A., Palmes, G. K., SNIDER, E., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242241.77302.f4 · Cited by 168
The Validity of Discrepancy-Based Definitions of Reading Disabilities
Fletcher, J. M., Francis, D. J., Rourke, B. P., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1992) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949202500903 · Cited by 166
Genetic and environmental influences on reading and listening comprehension
Keenan, J. M., Betjemann, R. S., Wadsworth, S. J., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2006) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00293.x · Cited by 157
Self-citationPersistent arithmetic, reading, or arithmetic and reading disability
Badian, N. A. (1999) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-999-0019-8 · Cited by 157
Understanding troubled and troubling youth
Leone, P. E. (1990) · Cited by 153
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Duncan, L. E., Smith, S. D., Keenan, J. M., Wadsworth, S. J., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ef42a1 · Cited by 150
Self-citationWorking Memory in Dutch Children with Reading- and Arithmetic-Related LD
van der Sluis, S., van der Leij, A., & de Jong, P. F. (2005) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194050380030301 · Cited by 145
Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire: Validation of a parent-report screening measure.
Willcutt, E. G., Boada, R., Riddle, M. W., Chhabildas, N. A., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0023290 · Cited by 139
Self-citationAre RAN‐ and phonological awareness‐deficits additive in children with reading disabilities?
Compton, D. L., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2001) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.198 · Cited by 139
Self-citationPsychosocial correlates of dyslexia across the life span
Boetsch, E. A., Green, P. A., & Pennington, B. F. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007264 · Cited by 137
Self-citationWillcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., & DeFries, J. C. (2000) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005170730653 · Cited by 125
Self-citationWorking Memory Failures in Children with Arithmetical Difficulties
Passolunghi, M. C., & Cornoldi, C. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701566662 · Cited by 123
The peer context of troublesome child and adolescent behavior.
Dishion, T. J. (1990) · Cited by 120
Willcutt, E. G., Betjemann, R. S., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., DeFries, J. C., & Wadsworth, S. J. (2007) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2007.00019.x · Cited by 117
Self-citationFamilial Nature of Reading Disability
DeFries, J. C., Singer, S. M., Foch, T. T., & Lewitter, F. (1978) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.132.4.361 · Cited by 110
Self-citationThe External Validity of Age- Versus IQ-Discrepancy Definitions of Reading Disability
Pennington, B. F., Gilger, J. W., Olson, R. K., & DeFries, J. C. (1992) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949202500904 · Cited by 103
Self-citationKovas, Y. V., Haworth, C. M. A., Harlaar, N., Petrill, S. A., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01748..x · Cited by 99
Self-citationDiagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-IV
Reich, W., Welner, Z., & Herjanic, B. M. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t04974-000 · Cited by 98
‘Generalist genes’ and mathematics in 7-year-old twins
Kovas, Y. V., Harlaar, N., Petrill, S. A., & Plomin, R. J. (2005) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.05.002 · Cited by 96
Self-citationAuerbach, J. G., Gross‐Tsur, V., Manor, O., & Shalev, R. S. (2008) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219408315637 · Cited by 92
Memory Abilities in Children With Subtypes of Dyscalculia
Rosselli, M., Matute, E., Pinto, N., & Ardila, A. (2006) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn3003_3 · Cited by 79
Comorbidity of Mathematics and Reading Deficits: Evidence for a Genetic Etiology
Knopik, V. S., Alarcón, M., & DeFries, J. C. (1997) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025622400239 · Cited by 75
Self-citationDevelopmental Dyscalculia Behavioral and Attentional Aspects: A Research Note
Shalev, R. S., Auerbach, J. G., & Gross‐Tsur, V. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01369.x · Cited by 75
Cirino, P. T., Fletcher, J. M., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Barnes, M. A., & Fuchs, L. S. (2007) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2007.00228.x · Cited by 69
Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered and reading disabled children
Roodenrys, S. J., Koloski, N. A., & Grainger, J. (2001) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151001166128 · Cited by 67
Phonological Processing Abilities and Reading
Wagner, R. K. (1986) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221948601901009 · Cited by 67
Petrill, S., Logan, J. A. R., Hart, S., Vincent, P., Thompson, L., Kovas, Y., & Plomin, R. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219411407926 · Cited by 65
Self-citationPowell, S. R., Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Cirino, P. T., & Fletcher, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219408326211 · Cited by 65
Word reading and reading comprehension: stability, overlap and independence
Betjemann, R. S., Willcutt, E. G., Olson, R. K., Keenan, J. M., DeFries, J. C., & Wadsworth, S. J. (2007) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-007-9076-8 · Cited by 57
Self-citationNeuropsychological and socio-emotional correlates of specific-arithmetic disability
White, J. M. (1992) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/0887-6177(92)90014-e · Cited by 53
Hart, S. A., Petrill, S. A., & Thompson, L. A. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.004 · Cited by 53
Self-citationRhee, S. H., Hewitt, J. K., Corley, R. P., Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.346 · Cited by 48
Self-citationNeuropsychological and socio-emotional correlates of specific-arithmetic disability
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., & SILVA, P. A. (1992) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/7.1.1 · Cited by 25
Peabody Individual Achievement Test, Revised
Volker, M. A., & Smerbeck, A. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1580-2 · Cited by 24
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_179753 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Achenbach T. M., 2001, Manual for ASEBA school-age forms and profiles
- Dunn L. M., 1970, Examiner’s manual: Peabody Individual Achievement Test
- Jastak S., 1984, Wide Range Achievement Test, Revised: Administration manual
- Setterberg S., 1992, Parent and interviewer version of the Children’s Global Assessment Scale
- Wechsler D., 1991, Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition
- Wilkinson G. S., 1993, Examiner’s manual: Wide Range Achievement Test–3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grigorenko, E. L., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, L. S., Wagner, R. K., Willcutt, E. G., & Fletcher, J. M. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000452 · Cited by 388
Self-citationSpecific Learning Disorder: Prevalence and Gender Differences
Moll, K., Kunze, S., Neuhoff, N., Bruder, J., & Schulte-Körne, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103537 · Cited by 378
Francis, D. A., Caruana, N., Hudson, J. L., & McArthur, G. M. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.09.002 · Cited by 225
Recognizing Psychiatric Comorbidity With Reading Disorders
Hendren, R. L., Haft, S. L., Black, J. M., White, N. C., & Hoeft, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00101 · Cited by 171
The Multiple Deficit Model: Progress, Problems, and Prospects
McGrath, L. M., Peterson, R. L., & Pennington, B. F. (2019) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2019.1706180 · Cited by 182
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Willcutt, E. G., Petrill, S. A., Wu, S., Boada, R., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., & Pennington, B. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- University of Denver (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Learning Disabilities
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-02-28
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 500-516
- ISSN
- 0022-2194 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4780
- PMC
- PMC3749272
- OpenAlex
- W2114081569
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 29.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Learning Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 70037, R01MH070037)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC005190, R01 DC 05190)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD068728, R01HD047264, R01 HD 59215, P50-HD27802, R01 HD 68728, R01 HD 69728, R01 HD 47264, R01HD059215, R01HD38526, R24HD075460, R01HD038526, R24 HD 75460, P50HD027802)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Keywords
- reading disorders, math disabilities, dyslexia, dyscalculia, comorbidities, working memory, processing speed, verbal comprehension, phoneme awareness, naming speed, set-shifting, internalizing psychopathology, externalizing psychopathology, academic functioning, neuropsychological deficits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Cognition Disorders, Diseases in Twins, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Comorbidity, Dyscalculia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
