Cited by 343Reading and Literacy DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyCognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills

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Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Math Disability: Concurrent Psychopathology, Functional Impairment, and Neuropsychological Functioning

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Willcutt, Erik G., Petrill, Stephen A., Wu, Sarah, Boada, Richard, DeFries, John C., Olson, Richard K., Pennington, Bruce F.·2013·Journal of Learning Disabilities

DOI 10.1177/0022219413477476PMC PMC3749272

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Abstract

Reading disability (RD) and math disability (MD) frequently co-occur, but the etiology of this comorbidity is not well understood. Groups with RD only (N = 241), MD only (N = 183), and RD + MD (N = 188) and a control group with neither disorder (N = 411) completed a battery of measures of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social and academic functioning, and 10 neuropsychological processes. Groups with RD only, MD only, and RD + MD were significantly impaired versus the control group on nearly all measures, and the group with RD + MD was more impaired than the groups with MD and RD alone on measures of internalizing psychopathology, academic functioning, and 7 of 10 neuropsychological constructs. Multiple regression analyses of the neuropsychological measures indicated that deficits in reading and math were associated with shared weaknesses in working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension. In contrast, reading difficulties were uniquely associated with weaknesses in phoneme awareness and naming speed, and math deficits were uniquely associated with weaknesses in set shifting. These results support multiple-deficit neuropsychological models of RD and MD and suggest that RD and MD are distinct but related disorders that co-occur because of shared neuropsychological weaknesses in working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension.

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Authors: Willcutt, E. G., Petrill, S. A., Wu, S., Boada, R., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., & Pennington, B. F.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
The Ohio State University (US)
University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
University of Denver (US)
ORCID: Willcutt, Erik G.
Petrill, Stephen A.
Wu, Sarah
Olson, Richard K.
Pennington, Bruce F.
Venue: Journal of Learning Disabilities
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2013-02-28
Volume: 46
Issue: 6
Pages: 500-516
ISSN: 0022-2194 (ISSN-L)
1538-4780
DOI: 10.1177/0022219413477476
PMC: PMC3749272
OpenAlex: W2114081569
Cited by: 343
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 29.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Learning Disabilities (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 70037, R01MH070037)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC005190, R01 DC 05190)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD068728, R01HD047264, R01 HD 59215, P50-HD27802, R01 HD 68728, R01 HD 69728, R01 HD 47264, R01HD059215, R01HD38526, R24HD075460, R01HD038526, R24 HD 75460, P50HD027802)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
Keywords: reading disorders, math disabilities, dyslexia, dyscalculia, comorbidities, working memory, processing speed, verbal comprehension, phoneme awareness, naming speed, set-shifting, internalizing psychopathology, externalizing psychopathology, academic functioning, neuropsychological deficits
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Cognition Disorders, Diseases in Twins, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Comorbidity, Dyscalculia

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Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Math Disability: Concurrent Psychopathology, Functional Impairment, and Neuropsychological Functioning

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