The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Abstract
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In doing so, we followed widely accepted methodological guidelines and frameworks ( Churchill 1979; De Vellis 2003; Hinkin 1998; MacKenzie et al. 2011).”
From Trust in the Sharing Economy (2016) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“thus contributing to the establishment of content validity for the preliminary CBE scale.”
From Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation (2014) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“The Cronbach Alpha for EU was 0.68 and the Cronbach Alpha for FU was 0.73.These reliabilities are seen as weak but acceptable (Churchill, 1979).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Churchill (1979)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
The critical incident technique.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0061470 · Cited by 8,191
Rogelberg, S. G. (2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952651.n55 · Cited by 5,309
Torgerson, W. S. (1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,920
Book Review: The Theory of Buyer Behavior
Bither, S. W., Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1971) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1250571 · Cited by 2,805
Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research
Calder, B. J. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150774 · Cited by 729
The Nature and Scope of Marketing
Hunt, S. D. (1976) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224297604000304 · Cited by 615
Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen
Churchill, G. A., Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. (1974) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377401100303 · Cited by 615
Self-citationTheory of Psychological Measurement
(1965) · Students Quarterly Journal · doi:10.1049/sqj.1965.0018 · Cited by 382
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- BohrnstedtGeorge W. “Reliability and Validity Assessment in Attitude Measurement,” in SummersGene F., ed., Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1970, 80–99.
- BuzzellRobert D. “Is Marketing a Science,” Harvard Business Review, 41 (January–February 1963), 32–48.
- CampbellJohn P. “Psychometric Theory,” in DunetteMarvin D., ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, Inc., 1976, 185–222.
- ConversePaul D. “The Development of a Science in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 10 (July 1945), 14–23.
- CzepeilJohn A., RosenbergLarry J., and AkeraleAdebayo. “Perspectives on Consumer Satisfaction,” in CurhanRonald C., ed., 1974 Combined Proceedings. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1974, 119–23.
- GardnerBurleigh B. “Attitude Research Lacks System to Help It Make Sense,” Marketing News, 11 (May 5, 1978), 1.
- HowardJohn A. and ShethJagdish N. The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
- KerlingerFred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc., 1973.
- LeyPhilip. Quantitative Aspects of Psychological Assessment. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company, Ltd., 1972.
- NunnallyJum C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
- SelltizClaire, WrightsmanLawrence S., and CookStuart W. Research Methods in Social Relations, 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 13,101–13,200 of 16,524
de Siqueira, J. P. L., Telles, R., Rocca, M. E., et al. (2015) · Revista Economia & Gestão · doi:10.5752/p.1984-6606.2015v15n38p135 · Cited by 1
Disley, P., Hatton, C., & Dagnan, D. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2013.807909 · Cited by 1
An Instrument for Measuring Service Quality in the E-Commerce Environment
Hu, Y. (2010) · doi:10.1109/cicc-itoe.2010.83 · Cited by 1
Θερίου, Ν. Γ., Šević, Ž., Maditinos, D., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1504/ijepee.2009.030574 · Cited by 1
Scherer, L. J., & Toaldo, A. M. M. (2011) · Review of Business Management · doi:10.7819/rbgn.v13i40.980 · Cited by 1
Positive social identity expectations as a moderator of interpersonal justice perceptions
Conner, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-04-2014-0033 · Cited by 1
TV viewing and physical activity: a segment analysis for social marketing
Singh, S. N. (2007) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.324 · Cited by 1
de Farias, S. A. (2013) · Revista de Negócios · doi:10.7867/1980-4431.2013v18n1p25-33 · Cited by 1
An evaluation criterion for open source software projects: enhancement process effectiveness
Ghapanchi, A. H., & Aurum, A. (2011) · International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management · doi:10.1504/ijiscm.2011.044508 · Cited by 1
Song, Y.-T. (2011) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2011.12.2.675 · Cited by 1
L’image du Pays : proposition d’une échelle de mesure
Belaïd, S. (2006) · La Revue des sciences de gestion/La Revue des sciences de gestion, Direction et gestion · doi:10.1051/larsg:2006064 · Cited by 1
To Be Or Not To Be Visible In Company-Managed Virtual Communities?
Yahia, I. B. (2014) · International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management · doi:10.4018/ijcrmm.2014100102 · Cited by 1
Exploring the role of customer value change and relationship adaptation in global business services
Blocker, C. P. (2007) · Cited by 1
A model of transiting individual efforts to the outcomes of virtual team
Liu, Y.-C., Lin, C., & Feng-Chia, L. (2010) · doi:10.1145/2108616.2108641 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the Internal and External Factors Toward ERP Success
Seyal, A. H., & Rahman, M. N. A. (2014) · International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.4018/ijeis.2014100105 · Cited by 1
Saran, A., Cruthirds, K. W., Kalliny, M., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Electronic Marketing and Retailing · doi:10.1504/ijemr.2008.019814 · Cited by 1
Effectiveness of Sponsorships in Niche Communities Online: A Preliminary Study
Andreini, D., & Cassia, F. (2010) · International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) · doi:10.1109/icmss.2010.5576871 · Cited by 1
D’Rozario, D., & Bryant, F. K. (2007) · Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies · doi:10.1300/j500v05n04_05 · Cited by 1
Kim, S.-H., & Kim, C. (2012) · Journal of the Korea society of IT services · doi:10.9716/kits.2012.11.4.135 · Cited by 1
Consumer-Based Brand Equity Scale: Improving the Measurement in Tunisian Context
Mennaï, M., & Rached, K. S. B. (2011) · Cited by 1
Social entrepreneurship and institutional environment in an emerging economy
Vyas, V., Raitani, S., & Mathur, V. K. (2014) · International Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation · doi:10.1504/ijsei.2014.064825 · Cited by 1
Measuring HRM-Horizontal Fit: Scale Construction and Validation Using Structural Equation Modelling
Azmi, F. T. (2009) · Management and Labour Studies · doi:10.1177/0258042x0903400302 · Cited by 1
Purifying a Television Viewing Measure for Use in Consumer Socialization Research
Bindah, E. V. (2013) · British Journal of Economics Management & Trade · doi:10.9734/bjemt/2013/3751 · Cited by 1
Wiriyakitjar, R. (2013) · Journal of Tourism Research & Hospitality · doi:10.4172/2324-8807.1000123 · Cited by 1
Making a connection between counter-knowledge and student achievement goal orientations
Navarro, J. G. C., Martínez, E., & Soto‐Acosta, P. (2014) · Cited by 1
Idris, K. M., Bidin, Z., & Saad, R. A. J. (2012) · Cited by 1
Scale Development: Importance of Apparel Store Image Dimensions
Preez, R. D., Visser, E. M., & van Noordwyk, H. J. (2007) · ACR European Advances · Cited by 1
The importance of logistics capability in the e-commerce market
Cho, J. J., & Ozment, J. (2005) · Journal of Transportation Management · doi:10.22237/jotm/1112313780 · Cited by 1
Study on Consumer Behavior of Wireless Music
Tang, W., Wang, K., Liu, L., et al. (2009) · International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) · doi:10.1109/icmss.2009.5303980 · Cited by 1
Harold, L., & Thenmozhi, M. (2014) · International Journal of Business Information Systems · doi:10.1504/ijbis.2014.064566 · Cited by 1
The Impact of NPD (New Product Development) Process Planning Proficiencies on NPD Performance
Kim, J., & Hahn, J. (2009) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2009.10.9.2440 · Cited by 1
Bharmal, M. F., & Thomas, J. (2003) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management · doi:10.3109/j058v16n01_07 · Cited by 1
FORMALIZATION OF SALES FORCE MARKET INFORMATION GENERATION
Lanis, T. W., Fountain, P. D., & Peterson, K. (2008) · Cited by 1
The influence of corporate sponsorship on the sponsor's employees
Khan, A. (2012) · Cited by 1
E-business planning and accountants: the balance with performance
Phillips, P. (2004) · International Journal of Business Performance Management · doi:10.1504/ijbpm.2004.004116 · Cited by 1
The Application Of EDI: Empirical Evidence
Shahwan, Y. (2013) · International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) · doi:10.19030/ijmis.v17i2.7713 · Cited by 1
Drivers of customer satisfaction in libraries: a case study of the FNU Libraries
Jayasundara, C. C. (2013) · Cited by 1
La calidad percibida en los servicios náuticos de la Generalitat Valenciana
Moreno, F. C. (2005) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa) · Cited by 1
Corti, E., & lo Storto, C. (2002) · doi:10.1109/iemc.1998.727774 · Cited by 1
Vivek, N., & Ravindran, S. (2013) · Journal of comtemporary research in management · Cited by 1
Webster, R. L., Hammond, K. L., & Rothwell, J. C. (2012) · Journal of International Education Research (JIER) · doi:10.19030/jier.v9i1.7500 · Cited by 1
Tangible and intangible factors of store image
Mamalis, S. A., Ness, M., & Bourlakis, M. (2005) · Cited by 1
La brand personality dei luoghi di destinazione. Uno studio esplorativo sulla città di Roma
Pastore, A., & Giraldi, A. (2012) · IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) · Cited by 1
Assessing Electronic Government Systems Success-An Integrated Framework-
Alshibly, H. H., & Al-Dmour, H. A.-D. (2011) · Dirasat: Administrative Sciences · Cited by 1
Dialogmarketing in Marktnischen aus Konsumentenperspektive
Schäfers, T., Gräßler, M., & Gresel, R. (2011) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-6593-6_7 · Cited by 1
Jayasinghe-Mudalige, U. K., Ikram, S. M. M., Udugama, J. M. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka · doi:10.4038/jas.v10i3.8071 · Cited by 1
LEVERAGING IDENTIFICATION: INFLUENCING CHANNEL SALESPERSON EFFORT AND BRAND PERFORMANCE
Bauer, C. (2008) · Cited by 1
Comparing two Involvement Scales: An Application of Structural and Conflrmatory Factor Analysis
Roehrich, G., & Valette‐Florence, P. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13254-9_18 · Cited by 1
over 15 years The Time Styles Scale : A review of developments and replications
Usunier, J., & Valette‐Florence, P. (2013) · Cited by 1
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: THE MODERATING ROLE OF CARTOON-LIKE CGI CHARACTER IN ADVERTISING
Dimitrov, H. A. (2014) · Cited by 1
A Components Oriented Method for Evaluation of E-government Information Systems Agility
Aggoune, S., Imache, R., Mezghiche, M., et al. (2012) · International Journal for Digital Society · doi:10.20533/ijds.2040.2570.2012.0086 · Cited by 1
How Much Commonality Exists Among Aad Scales
Bruner, G. C., & Brownlow, T. L. (1995) · Cited by 1
Hamzeh, S. M., & Miarkolaei, H. S. (2014) · Cited by 1
Social Identity and Cooperative Behaviour in Virtual Organisation
Ines, D. M. (2012) · Cited by 1
The Investigation of Iranian Cultural and Consumption Values through Foreign Brand Purchasing
Vazifehdust, H., Khanzadeh, M., & Bigdeli, F. (2013) · Cited by 1
Naji, A., Ringuet, P., & Foucher, R. (2014) · Cited by 1
Trust on online social networking media friends of ‘Generation Y’ : a multi-item measurement scale
Amin, S. Z., & Rahman, S. H. (2015) · Cited by 1
The impact of market uncertainty on collaboration with suppliers and operational performance
Tang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2015) · International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences · doi:10.1109/liss.2015.7369811 · Cited by 1
Liu, Y., Eisingerich, A. B., Auh, S., Merlo, O., & Chun, H. H. (2015) · Cornell Peter and Stephanie Nolan School of Hotel Administration (Cornell University) · Cited by 1
Mahalakshmi, V., & Chitra, D. (2013) · Asia Pacific journal of marketing and management review · Cited by 1
Ecological Approach to User Sensemaking of Technology
Mesgari, M., & Okoli, C. (2015) · Cited by 1
Explanation of antecedents affecting supply chain management adoption and execution
Rafi, N. (2013) · Cited by 1
Aghajani, H., & Ziba, G. (2010) · Cited by 1
Wen, J.-R., Cheng, K.-M., Chen, C.-P., & Hsieh, Y.-H. (2014) · Cited by 1
Ishida, C. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11779-9_106 · Cited by 1
SPOR TÜKETİCİSİ TATMİN ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇE UYARLAMASI: REKREATİF SPOR TÜKETİCİSİ ÖRNEĞİ
Şimşek, K. Y., & Mercanoğlu, A. O. (2016) · Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe Üniversitesi · doi:10.17644/sbd.171670 · Cited by 1
A Service Quality Model for the Public Information Service
Jo, H.-W., & Kim, S. (2011) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27210-3_44 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Corporate Cultural Factors on Service Quality
Chang, D., Chiou, J., & Chen, S. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11845-1_111 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Project Funding Decision Quality
Zwikael, O., & Chih, Y. (2015) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47200-2_39 · Cited by 1
Identification of important service factors in group package tours
Lin, S.-Y., Chou, S.-H., & Ya-Fang, H. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1
A proposed integrated model of resistance to anti-smoking messages
Mourre, M.-L., & Gurviez, P. (2015) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570715594111 · Cited by 1
Wu, M. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Financial Services: A Projection of Best Emerging Bank in Sultanate of Oman
Damodharan, V. S., & Rengarajan, V. (2008) · Cited by 1
Antecedents and Consequences of Sales Force Control Systems. A Relational Perspective
Baldauf, A., Guenzi, P., & Onyemah, V. (2008) · Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) · Cited by 1
UNDERSTANDING BRAND MANAGERS' INTANGIBLE CAPITAL AND CAPABILITY
Cui, P. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Saran, A., Cruthirds, K. W., & Minor, M. S. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11761-4_31 · Cited by 1
Munshi, M. M., & Hanji, S. V. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-16443947 · Cited by 1
Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Service Quality : Moderating Effect of Trust
Kim, J., & 임효창 (2011) · Journal of Korea Service Management Society · doi:10.15706/jksms.2011.12.2.004 · Cited by 1
A Study to Develope Measurements of Design Sensitivity
Bang, J., & Ryu, C. (2008) · Journal of Consumption Culture · doi:10.17053/jcc.2008.11.4.002 · Cited by 1
김형석 (2008) · Journal of Public Relations · doi:10.15814/jpr.2008.12.1.5 · Cited by 1
Lee, J.-Y., 원성권, & Shim, S.-R. (2008) · The e-Business Studies · doi:10.15719/geba.9.5.200812.19 · Cited by 1
Structural Bilingualism and Marketing Strategy:The Case of Franco-Arabic Bilingual Segmentation
Khalbous, S., & Radhouan, S. (2013) · Journal of Marketing Research and Case Studies · doi:10.5171/2013.364200 · Cited by 1
Measuring Prestige in Real Estate
Baik, M.-S. (2015) · Advanced science and technology letters · doi:10.14257/astl.2015.89.20 · Cited by 1
Skiver, R. L. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Park, D. H., & Lee, T. (2010) · Journal of Korea Service Management Society · doi:10.15706/jksms.2010.11.3.011 · Cited by 1
The Ripple Effect of Consumer’s Brand Disappointment by Brand Crisis
Park, M.-H., & Jang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Consumption Culture · doi:10.17053/jcc.2014.17.1.002 · Cited by 1
The bond between consumers and their behaviors
Julienne, É. (2013) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570713478336 · Cited by 1
Karpen, I. O., Bove, L. L., & Lukas, B. A. (2009) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 1
L’usage des TIC comme moyen de contrôle dans les réseaux de franchise
Chakroun, H., Nekhili, M., & Chtioui, T. (2016) · La Revue des sciences de gestion/La Revue des sciences de gestion, Direction et gestion · doi:10.3917/rsg.275.0123 · Cited by 1
O impacto da qualidade de ensino na construção do relacionamento entre aluno e marca da universidade
Semprebon, E., Schikovski, M. P., Motta, N. T., et al. (2016) · Revista Gestão Universitária na América Latina - GUAL · doi:10.5007/1983-4535.2016v9n1p234 · Cited by 1
ERP Systems and the Manufacturing-Marketing Interface: An Information Processing Theory View
Gattiker, T. F., & Gattiker, T. F. (2005) · Cited by 1
Potočan, V. (2008) · Cited by 1
Exploring Relational Aspects of Time-Based Competition in Supply Chains
Thomas, R. (2008) · Cited by 1
Shah, A., Zeis, C., Regassa, H., et al. (2003) · Journal of International Business and Economy · doi:10.51240/jibe.2003.1.4 · Cited by 1
Conceptualisation, Consumer and Cognition: the 3 Cs That Will Advance Product Placement Research
Scott, J., & Craig‐Lees, M. (2006) · ACR Asia-Pacific Advances · Cited by 1
Cultural Influence on Global Assessment of Higher Education Service Quality
Sultan, P., & Wong, H. Y. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4979-8.ch093 · Cited by 1
Bettabai, W., Douagi, F. W. B. M., & Omrı, M. A. (2016) · International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research · Cited by 1
Relationship Segmentation: Analyzing Donor Behavior For a Public Good
Mulvey, M. R., & Gengler, C. E. (2007) · ACR European Advances · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Churchill, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Churchill, Gilbert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W1991623719
- Semantic Scholar
- d636f05c5febe7b9f879d444d16e14d599401eeb
- Cited by
- 16,549
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 538 · 2025: 581 · 2024: 628 · 2023: 668 · 2022: 737 · 2021: 755 · 2020: 702 · 2019: 774 · 2018: 716 · 2017: 706 · 2016: 743 · 2015: 783 · 2014: 809 · 2013: 806 · 2012: 759
- FWCI
- 10.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- measurement, construct measurement, marketing theory, marketing practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review