Organized violence 1989–2022, and the return of conflict between states
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This article reports on trends in organized violence, building on new data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). In 2022, fatalities from organized violence increased by a staggering 97%, compared to the previous year, from 120,000 in 2021 to 237,000 in 2022, making 2022 the deadliest year since the Rwandan genocide in 1994. The increase was driven by two, particularly deadly, state-based armed conflicts: the Russia–Ukraine war, and the war in Ethiopia against TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front). With more than 81,500 and 101,000 fatalities respectively, these are the two most deadly state-based conflict-years recorded in the post-1989 period. The Russian invasion of Ukraine is the first large-scale interstate war in 20 years, and the first interstate armed conflict since World War II where a major power in the international system seeks both territorial gains for itself and the subjugation of another state through regime change. We have witnessed an emerging trend of increased conflict between states in the last decade, including cases where major powers support opposite sides in internationalized intrastate conflict. UCDP recorded 55 active state-based armed conflicts in 2022, an increase of one compared to the previous year. Eight of these conflicts reached the level of war. While the fatalities caused by non-state conflict decreased somewhat when compared to 2021, the number of non-state conflicts, as well as both the number of civilians killed in one-sided violence and the number of actors carrying out such violence, increased in 2022.
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In subsequent years, Malawi, Rwanda, and South Sudan enacted cybercrime or cybersecurity laws penalizing dissemination of 'offensive' or 'false' information.
“In subsequent years, Malawi, Rwanda, and South Sudan also enacted cybercrime or cybersecurity laws penalizing the dissemination of “offensive” or “false” information.108”
From Legalizing control: the rise of restrictive internet regulation in sub-Saharan Africa (2026) · cites this paper as [108]
The paper’s State-based armed conflict section discusses conflict trends, while its Replication data lists armed conflicts involving the named countries (page numbers unavailable). Searches for cybercrime, cybersecurity laws, and penalties for disseminating offensive or false information found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Anderson, M. J., Urlacher, B., & Swiss, L. (2025) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027251355747 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Armed Conflict and Unwanted Births in Colombia
Svallfors, S. (2025) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465251353533 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pirker-Díaz, P., Wilson, M. C., Beier, S., & Wiesner, K. (2025) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.250457 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Drought impacts on armed conflict primarily explained by pre-existing conflict risk
Michelini, S. (2025) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ae16c0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Song, J. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf192 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Political development predicts reduced human cost of flooding
Vesco, P., von Uexkull, N., Vestby, J., & Buhaug, H. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65914-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Davies, S., Pettersson, T., & Öberg, M.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Pettersson, Therése
- Venue
- Journal of Peace Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-07-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 691-708
- ISSN
- 0022-3433 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-3578
- OpenAlex
- W4384130853
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 13
- FWCI
- 115.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Peace Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Uppsala Universitet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Peacebuilding and International Security
- Keywords
- organized violence, interstate war, Russian invasion of Ukraine, Tigray People's Liberation Front, Ethiopia, conflict fatalities, civilian casualties, regime change, Uppsala Conflict Data Program
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