The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How Are Political Institutions Gendered?
Open accessAbstract
Understanding the role of institutions can help explain why gender equality policies often fail and why the efforts of gender equality advocates are frequently frustrated. Focusing on micro-foundations and using cases from comparative politics, the article builds a model that specifies the mechanisms whereby political institutions are systematically gendered. Political opportunities and outcomes are shaped not only by rules ‘about gender’ but also by seemingly neutral rules that have ‘gendered effects’, due to their interaction with institutions outside the realm of formal politics. Rules shape behaviour in gendered ways through mechanisms of regulation, obligation and persuasion. Actors reproduce gendered institutions through enacting rules, but they also generate change through adapting, resisting or reforming them. The article specifies concepts and methods for researching how political institutions are gendered within and across political systems. It also identifies points of intervention for those seeking to build more gender-just political institutions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Even rules that may on the face of them seem neutral can reflect, structure, and reinforce an asymmetrical allocation of opportunities, resources, and recognition between privileged and underprivileged groups (Kenney, 1996;Lowndes, 2020).”
From Intersectional power struggles in feminist movements: An analysis of resistance and counter‐resistance to intersectionality (2024) · cites this paper as Lowndes, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205278639 · Cited by 9,367
Understanding Institutional Diversity
Elinor Ostrom, B. (2006) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400831739 · Cited by 5,287
Understanding Institutional Diversity
Ostrom, E. (2009) · doi:10.2307/j.ctt7s7wm · Cited by 4,229
Theories of the Policy Process
Sabatier, P. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780367274689 · Cited by 3,515
Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies
Streeck, W., & Thelen, K. (2005) · Cited by 3,427
Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda
Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592704040472 · Cited by 3,184
The Concept of Representation, by Hanna F. Pitkin
Mansfield, H. C. (1969) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2147153 · Cited by 3,092
Institutions and Social Conflict
Knight, J. C. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511528170 · Cited by 2,464
Explaining Institutional Change
Mahoney, J., & Thelen, K. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806414 · Cited by 2,102
Background on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework
Ostrom, E. (2011) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00394.x · Cited by 1,719
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Bjarnegård E (2018) Men’s Political Representation. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia. Available at: http://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-214 (accessed 1 July 2019). · DOI
- Buechler S, 1990, Women’s Movement in United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights and beyond
- Chappell L, 2017, Gender and Informal Institutions, 23
- Lovenduski J, 2005, Feminising Politics
- Lovenduski J, 2009, Roundtable Presentation at the European Conference on Politics and Gender
- March J, 1989, Rediscovering Institutions
- Piscopo J, 2017, Gender and Informal Institutions, 137
- Verge T, 2017, Gender and Informal Institutions, 91
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cooper, D. (2020) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0038026120915148 · Cited by 102
The gendered dimensions of informal institutions in the Australian construction industry
Galea, N. R., Powell, A., Loosemore, M., & Chappell, L. (2020) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12458 · Cited by 110
“As such, institutions are different to organizations, the latter being the ‘arena of action’ in which institutions operate (Lowndes, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialBerthet, V., & Kantola, J. (2020) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaa015 · Cited by 88
“Feminist institutionalism helps to explain how MEPs and staff are embedded in settings where their actions are shaped and constrained by “institutional rules that distribute power along gendered lines” (Lowndes 2019, 5).”
Gender, Power and Privilege in the Parliamentary Workplace
Erikson, J., & Verge, T. (2020) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsaa048 · Cited by 52
Erikson, J., & Josefsson, C. (2020) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsaa049 · Cited by 89
“The relationship between the formal and the informal is multifaceted, and it can work in differing ways to either reinforce or subvert gender-power hierarchies (Waylen, 2017, p. 11; Lowndes, 2019).”
BackgroundFeminist critical friends: dilemmas of feminist engagement with governance and gender reform agendas
Chappell, L., & Mackay, F. (2020) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510820x15922354996155 · Cited by 71
Gendering political leadership: hypermasculine leadership and Covid-19
Waylen, G. (2021) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2021.1942160 · Cited by 69
“…like leaders work with rules, negotiating them as rule-makers and rule-enactors, is a crucial dimension of an FI framework that explicates how institutions are gendered (alongside rules about gender; rules with gendered effects; and the gendered outcomes of actions shaped by rules) (Lowndes, 2020).”
BackgroundTildesley, R., Lombardo, E., & Verge, T. (2022) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x21000167 · Cited by 68
Grahn, M. (2020) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102189 · Cited by 48
‘All eyes are on you’: Gender, race, and opinion writing on the US Courts of Appeals
Moyer, L. P., Szmer, J. J., Haire, S. B., & Christensen, R. K. (2021) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12559 · Cited by 49
Reclaiming party politics research
Kenny, M., Bjarnegård, E., Lovenduski, J., Childs, S., Evans, E., & Verge, T. (2022) · European Political Science · doi:10.1057/s41304-022-00362-0 · Cited by 9
Galea, N. R., & Chappell, L. (2021) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12639 · Cited by 45
Akpuokwe, C. U., Chikwe, C. F., & Eneh, N. E. (2024) · Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/msarr.2024.10.2.0042 · Cited by 66
“Social media has provided a platform for individuals to amplify their voices and advocate for change (Lowndes, 2020, Oriji, et. al., 2023, Sedelmeier, 2020).”
BackgroundWHO runs the world – (not) girls: gender neglect during global health emergencies
Wenham, C., & Davies, S. E. (2021) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2021.1921601 · Cited by 41
Bogaards, M. (2022) · Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica · doi:10.1017/ipo.2022.15 · Cited by 41
“Each discursive institution is then discussed following Lowndes ’ (2019) distinction between gendered rules, rules with gendered effects and gendered actors working with the rules.”
Galea, N. R., Powell, A., Salignac, F., Chappell, L., & Loosemore, M. (2021) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017020978914 · Cited by 38
“This is a significant contribution, demonstrating the application of the theory beyond the political sphere, where it has predominantly been used to date (e.g. Krook and Mackay, 2011; Lowndes, 2020).”
MethodPlaying by the rules? The formal and informal rules of candidate selection
van Dijk, R. E. (2023) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2022.102669 · Cited by 36
‘Crisis what crisis?’ Understanding the recurring problems of the British state
Richards, D., Smith, M. J., Warner, S., & Marsh, D. D. (2024) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481241269329 · Cited by 35
It’s a rich man’s world: How class and glass ceilings intersect for UK parliamentary candidates
Murray, R. (2021) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/01925121211040025 · Cited by 35
Gains, F., & Lowndes, V. (2021) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x20000586 · Cited by 34
“We also looked at rules that were not about gender per se but might have “gendered effects” (Lowndes 2020), in the sense of making VAWG prioritization more likely.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGendered Institutions and Women’s Political Representation in Africa
Madsen, D. H., & Afrikainstitutet, N. (2021) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9780755637829 · Cited by 36
Feminist Institutional Change: The Case of the UK Women and Equalities Committee
Childs, S. (2022) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsab066 · Cited by 34
Gendered Institutions and Where to Find Them: A Critical Realist Approach
Grahn, M. (2023) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x23000624 · Cited by 39
When is Access to Political Capital Gendered? Lessons from the Czech Parliament
Grahn, M. (2020) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsaa051 · Cited by 33
“Past research shows that the informal rules, norms and rituals that govern the day-to-day running of political parties favour male politicians (Mackay et al. , 2010; Bjarnega˚rd and Kenny, 2016; Lowndes, 2019).”
BackgroundThe asymmetric power model 20 years on
Marsh, D. D., Richards, D., & Smith, M. J. (2024) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsae026 · Cited by 35
Introduction: European Parliament’s Political Groups in Turbulent Times
Kantola, J., Elomäki, A., & Ahrens, P. (2022) · Palgrave studies in European Union politics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94012-6_1 · Cited by 31
Gender, disability and political representation: understanding the experiences of disabled women
Evans, E., & Reher, S. (2023) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510823x16779382116831 · Cited by 29
“And, once women are elected they have to operate within highly gendered institutions which make the job of being a political representative difficult, and in some cases impossible (Hawkesworth, 2003; Lowndes, 2020).”
BackgroundGendering Discretion: Why Street-Level Bureaucracy Needs a Gendered Lens
Durose, C., & Lowndes, V. (2023) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217231178630 · Cited by 50
“In this article, we interrogate ‘the encounter between actors and institutional rules within particular political settings’ (Lowndes, 2020: 544) focusing on policy implementation, in order to consider how discretion may reflect and embed unequal gendered relationships, but also has the potential to…”
InfluentialSelf-citationBringing men and masculinities into political science
Murray, R., & Bjarnegård, E. (2023) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510823x16920325768482 · Cited by 25
Magnúsdóttir, G. L., & Kronsell, A. (2024) · Cooperation and Conflict · doi:10.1177/00108367241230011 · Cited by 19
“…relate to historical processes through which power inequalities have become deeply embedded and reinforced over time, creating resilience to institutional change and path-dependent policy-processes that both restrict and make actions possible (Krook and Mackay, 2011; Lowndes, 2020; Waylen, 2014).”
Parliamentary ethnography and feminist institutionalism: gendering institutions – but how?
Miller, C. M. (2020) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510820x16007078930609 · Cited by 18
Smith, J. C. (2022) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2022.2110142 · Cited by 19
“…of single countries have shown women to be under-represented in government responses to COVID-19 (J. C. Smith, 2020) as well as in global responses, for instance, women only make up 20 per cent of the World Health Organization ’ s own Emergency Committee on COVID-19 (Women in Global Health 2020).”
InfluentialO’Mullane, M. (2021) · Irish Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/0791603521995372 · Cited by 15
“is surfacing resistance within the HEI (Lowndes, 2020), as has been found in other studies examining the effectiveness of the Athena SWAN Charter (Tzanakou and Pearce, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialde Vet, B., & Devroe, R. (2022) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x21000490 · Cited by 14
The role of institutions and social inclusion in trust building
Akram, S., & Pervaiz, Z. (2024) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-024-01851-8 · Cited by 13
“Quality of institutions may be helpful to create trust between citizens, as high-quality institutions are believed to provide assurance that everyone is treated equally (Lowndes 2020 ).”
Women who initiate divorce embrace autonomy
Almog, E., & Herbst‐Debby, A. (2025) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13080 · Cited by 12
Erikson, J., & Josefsson, C. (2023) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x23000090 · Cited by 23
“Politics is a context in which gender is both constructed and constitutive in various interlinked processes at the organizational, normative, symbolic, and individual levels (Acker 1992; Lowndes 2020; Scott 1986).”
BackgroundAnalysing legislatures using a feminist institutionalist lens
Kantola, J., & Waylen, G. (2024) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/25151088y2024d000000048 · Cited by 11
Can Personal Parties Facilitate Women’s Political Seniority? A Study of Internal Rules of Conduct
Smrek, M. (2020) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaa031 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, actors can adapt, resist, or reform institutional rules in ways that might have gendered consequences (Lowndes 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEhrhart, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.1075462 · Cited by 11
“Yet, an actor-focused analysis is necessary to better understand how women encounter and strategically tackle formal and informal gendered rules of the political game (Mackay, 2011; Lowndes, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMuñoz‐Puig, M. (2024) · Gender, Work & Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12995 · Cited by 10
“Even rules that may on the face of them seem neutral can reflect, structure, and reinforce an asymmetrical allocation of opportunities, resources, and recognition between privileged and underprivileged groups (Kenney, 1996; Lowndes, 2020).”
BackgroundQuotas, the Electoral System Type and the Election of Young Women
Stockemer, D., & Sundström, A. (2020) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaa006 · Cited by 9
“Electoral systems are an illustrative example of what Lowndes (2019) describes as having seemingly neutral rules with “gendered effects”, in that they influence parties’ nominating strategies.”
Wheildon, L. J., Flynn, A., True, J., & Wild, A. (2023) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/239868021x16842395248135 · Cited by 9
The practice of ideas in gender equality policy: comparative lessons from the field
Bustelo, M., & Mazur, A. G. (2023) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510821x16696345290590 · Cited by 9
Women's political power: Global progress, persistent challenges
Fellegi, Z., Hrbková, L., & Dubrow, J. K. (2023) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102818 · Cited by 9
Josefsson, C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197788592.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Mohammed, A. S., Amoah, C., Abdulai, I. B., Oluwafemi, A. T., & Abbas, J. (2025) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/f-07-2024-0095 · Cited by 10
Between Westminster and Brussels: Putting the “Parliament” in Parliamentary Ethnography
Miller, C. M. (2022) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x22000071 · Cited by 8
Already Gone: Retaining Women in State Legislatures
Butcher, J., & Haynes, N. (2023) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/lsq.12435 · Cited by 7
The Second Sex in the Second District: The Policy Effects of Electing Women to County Government
McBrayer, M., & Williams, R. L. (2022) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129221109144 · Cited by 7
“Political institutions tend to have structurally and culturally induced norms and procedures that encourage conformity to a masculine status quo (Lowndes 2019).”
BackgroundExistentialism and International Relations: In it up to our necks
Hom, A. R., & O’Driscoll, C. (2023) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210523000451 · Cited by 7
Hibbs, L. (2025) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2025.2572265 · Cited by 6
“…these longer-serving councilors perceived that they had since benefitted from some rene-gotiation of the “rules of the game” (Lowndes 2005, 2014, 2020) throughout the 2000s as more women entered the political arena and shifted the minority-majority split from “token” to “skewed” or even…”
da Silva, M. G., Chaves, V. S., & Barbosa, L. G. (2023) · Sociedade e Estado · doi:10.1590/s0102-6992-202338010004 · Cited by 6
Hibbs, L. (2022) · Journal for Cultural Research · doi:10.1080/14797585.2021.2011365 · Cited by 4
“…of our political institutions, feminist institutionalist scholars have presented much evidence to support the assertion that political workplaces remain organised in such a way that can form structural barriers to women’s political participation (Erikson & Josefsson, 2020; Lowndes, 2014, 2020).”
InfluentialGender and Strategic Opposition Behavior: Patterns of Parliamentary Oversight in Belgium
de Vet, B., & Devroe, R. (2022) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v11i1.6135 · Cited by 6
A Chequered History but Positive Future for British Public Administration
Elliott, I., Richardson, L., Durose, C., Ayres, S., Boswell, J., Cairney, P., Flinders, M. V., & Martin, S. (2026) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.70094 · Cited by 5
“For example, this era saw theoretical developments to add a gendered lens to the intellectual repertoire of the discipline, such as the growth of feminist institutionalist analysis (Mackay and Krook 2010; Mackay et al. 2011; Kenny 2014; Waylen 2017; Lowndes 2019; Durose and Lowndes 2023).”
Raychaudhury, P. (2023) · Commonwealth and Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662043.2023.2169364 · Cited by 5
“As Vivien Lowndes points out in her work on the gendering of political institutions (Lowndes, 2019), such privileging is accompanied by the strategy of excluding actors who do not seem to conform to such subjectivities.”
BackgroundThe Power of Ideas and Discourse in Political Analysis
Schmidt, V. A. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197902455.001.0001 · Cited by 4
Conceptualising Anti‐Racist Institutionalism
Eseonu, T. (2025) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.13116 · Cited by 6
Lack Support Systems and Women’s Political Participation in South Africa
Sokani, A. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14120693 · Cited by 6
Kupangwa, W., Venter, E., & Farrington, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2024.51 · Cited by 4
Gender, Intraparty Competition, and the Substantive Focus of Parliamentary Questions in South Africa
Espírito-Santo, A., Sanches, E. R., & Kartalis, Y. (2024) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.8326 · Cited by 4
“And even seemingly neutral rules can have “gendered effects” (Lowndes, 2020).”
BackgroundThe evolution of gender-inclusive language. Evidence from the German Bundestag, 1949-2021
Stecker, C., Müller, J., Blätte, A., & Leonhardt, C. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/fcsmz · Cited by 5
Staying Power: Unpacking Seniority as a Gendered Informal Institution in Parliament
Muriaas, R. L., & Tøraasen, M. (2025) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaf057 · Cited by 3
Women’s Good Political Representation
Celis, K., & Childs, S. (2023) · Genero časopis za feminističku teoriju i studije kulture · doi:10.18485/genero.2023.27.1.1 · Cited by 2
Tadadjeu, S., Ndjakwa, M., & Kamguia, B. (2025) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2025.2467656 · Cited by 3
“Theoretically, it is admitted that better political representation of women allows them to reorient the political agenda so that ‘ women ’ s interests ’ such as women ’ s employment are more prominent (Lowndes, 2020).”
Between Rights and Rightfulness
George, N. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197807354.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Igiebor, O. (2023) · Journal of Gender Culture and Society · doi:10.32996/jgcs.2023.3.1.3 · Cited by 2
Gender mainstreaming in times of crisis: Missed opportunities in pandemic policymaking
Callerstig, A.-C., & Strid, S. (2023) · Papers. Revista de Sociologia · doi:10.5565/rev/papers.3174 · Cited by 3
Does gender matter for climate change governance? A review of empirical research
Hathaway, E. (2025) · French Politics · doi:10.1057/s41253-025-00287-2 · Cited by 2
“This absence might be due to the institutional constraints that bind candidates to political behaviors that align with traditional, systemically entrenched norms that favor masculine-typed political preferences (Achin 2005; Franceschet and Piscopo 2014; Lowndes 2020).”
Polischuk, L., & Fay, D. L. (2025) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2025.2565304 · Cited by 2
Göker, Z. G., & Çelik, A. B. (2025) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaf055 · Cited by 2
Leading the Charge: The Role of Women in Municipal Budgeting
Afshan, S. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70039 · Cited by 2
Mars, K. J. H., & Schiller, M. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics · doi:10.1080/19406940.2025.2607375 · Cited by 2
Gendering Parliamentary Diplomacy: The case of EU27-UK Relations
Miller, C. M. (2023) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxad032 · Cited by 2
The Persistence of Gender Inequality in e-Science: The Case of eSec
Karakaş, Ö. (2024) · Minerva · doi:10.1007/s11024-024-09530-6 · Cited by 2
“…this stems from eSec’s organizational embed-dedness in larger disciplinary, structural, and institutional “gender effects” (Gains and Lowndes 2014; Lowndes 2019), amplifying the structural obstacle to gender equality which results from the new managerial logic prevailing in the projectified…”
From International Regulation to Local Implementation
Oktaviandra, S., & Arza, P. A. (2024) · Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights · doi:10.19184/jseahr.v8i1.44031 · Cited by 6
Dodeigne, J., Erzeel, S., & Randour, F. (2024) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/14651165241299115 · Cited by 2
“…do not only shape who is elected but also set behavioural norms and expectations for men and women in the institution (Krook and Mackay, 2011; Lowndes, 2020), in fl uencing patterns of parliamentary behaviour through a ‘ gendered logic of appropriateness ’ (Krook and Mackay, 2011; Lowndes, 2020).”
Feminist Institutionalism and Ethnography: Crafting Research from a Diverse Methodological Menu
Grahn, M., & Miller, C. (2025) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x24000527 · Cited by 2
“…of their definition of institutions, FI scholars generally agree that uncovering the institutional sources of gender inequalities necessitates complex empirical approaches that capture multiple footprints of institutional power (Bjarnegård and Kenny 2016; Kenny 2014; Lowndes 2020; Waylen 2017).”
InfluentialReglas informales y jerarquías de género en el Congreso argentino
Gené, M., & Apicella, C. G. (2025) · Revista Mexicana de Sociología · doi:10.22201/iis.01882503p.2025.1.62705 · Cited by 2
Gendering the Interinstitutional Landscape
Abels, P. D. G., & Kantola, J. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198953692.003.0008 · Cited by 2
The House Service: ‘Servants’ and ‘Stewards’
Miller, C. M. (2021) · Gender and politics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64239-6_6 · Cited by 2
Gender Dynamics in Coalition Governments’ Ministerial Appointments in Lesotho
Rakolobe, M. (2021) · African Sun Media eBooks · doi:10.52779/9781991201690/15 · Cited by 2
Arriola, L. R., Johnson, M. C., & Phillips, M. L. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192898074.003.0009 · Cited by 1
Femisocial capital : Homophily and bill sponsorship by South Korean female legislators
Bang, J. (2022) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/01925121221076405 · Cited by 1
Blackmon, P. (2024) · Global Society · doi:10.1080/13600826.2024.2428180 · Cited by 1
“Thus, this paper builds on this literature of gendered organisational change including the crucial role of gender actors in implementing formal and informal rules (Lowndes 2020; Waylen 2022).”
Preventing and Handling Violence in Danish Political Parties
Kosiara‐Pedersen, K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197793985.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Young Women Aspirants and Gendered Ageism in Nigeria’s Political Parties
Abati, O. O., & Adeniji, M. M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197793985.003.0008 · Cited by 1
Not Just a Joke : Women’s Experiences of Workplace Humor in the Australian Construction Industry
Lingard, H. C., Zhang, R. P., & Chan, K. (2025) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/jmenea.meeng-7109 · Cited by 1
New Ways of Researching Women’s Representations in Parliamentary Assemblies
Polak, A. (2025) · Studia Polityczne · doi:10.35757/stp.2025.53.3.08 · Cited by 1
The European Commission under President Ursula von der Leyen–A Critical Actorness Approach
Abels, G., Kantola, J., Lombardo, E., & Müller, H. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198953692.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Yıldırım, S., & Ucaray-Mangitli, B. (2023) · Mülkiye Dergisi · doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1182485 · Cited by 1
McFadyen, A., Galea, N. R., & Burns, K. (2026) · Labour & Industry a journal of the social and economic relations of work · doi:10.1080/10301763.2026.2654995 · Cited by 1
“Formal rules are written down, codified and made public, such as legislation and professional standards (Lowndes 2020; Peters 2012; Scott 2008).”
InfluentialMarshall, S., Galea, N. R., Pankowiak, A., Woessner, M. N., & Forsdike, K. (2026) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.70214 · Cited by 1
Ndlovu, H. B., & Ngcetane-Vika, T. (2026) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2026.2699186 · Cited by 1
Representations of women and gender in DFID's development-security-counterterrorism nexus
Patel, S. (2022) · European Journal of International Security · doi:10.1017/eis.2022.16 · Cited by 1
Weight Stigmatization in Political Contexts: an Interaction with Gender
Kwan, M. Y., Macaulay, C., Gartrell, H. N., & Doggett, H. M. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00238-8 · Cited by 1
“Others have also highlighted the importance of incumbency, party (Dolan, 2014), and traditional networks in maintaining the existing male dominated political structure and institutions (Lowndes, 2020).”
Erikson, J., & Freidenvall, L. (2024) · Gender and politics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52359-5_11 · Cited by 1
Legislative success and collaboration in the Texas State House
Matthews, A. A., Osborn, T., Schilling, E. U., & Kreitzer, R. (2024) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2024.2328555 · Cited by 1
“…on women and racial and ethnic minorities in legislatures identifies the masculine, white-dominated legislative institution as potentially perilous to the success of women and minority legislators in several ways (e.g., Hawkesworth 2003; Lowndes 2020; Mansbridge and Shames 2008; Preuhs 2006).”
Experiencing the executive: Gender, ministers and institutions in Scotland
Convery, A., & Kenny, M. (2024) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481241280169 · Cited by 1
“…institution is therefore an empirical question, requiring a fine-grained investigation of the interplay between actors and rules in specific political contexts, and their connections to other institutions both within and outwith the political arena (Grahn, 2024; Kenny, 2013; Lowndes, 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Lowndes, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lowndes, Vivien
- ORCID
- Lowndes, Vivien
- Venue
- Political Studies
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-08-29
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 543-564
- ISSN
- 0032-3217 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9248
- OpenAlex
- W2971269744
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 19.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Political Studies (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- european research council (Understanding Institutional Change: A Gender Perspective)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Keywords
- gendered institutions, gender equality policy, microfoundations, political institutions, gender and politics, regulation, persuasion, institutional change, gender justice, comparative politics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
